दुश्मन

See also: दुश्मनी

Hindi

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *dews-?

Proto-Indo-European *dus-

Proto-Indo-European *men-

Proto-Indo-European *ménos

Proto-Indo-European *-s

Proto-Indo-European *dusmenēs

Proto-Indo-Iranian *dušmánās

Proto-Iranian *dušmánāh

Classical Persian دُشْمَن (dušman)bor.

Hindi दुश्मन

Borrowed from Classical Persian دُشْمَن (dušman).

Pronunciation

• (Standard Hindi) IPA^(key): /d̪ʊʃ.mən/, [d̪ʊʃ.mɐ̃n]

Noun

दुश्मन • (duśman) m (Urdu spelling دشمن)

1. enemy, foe

   Synonyms: see Thesaurus:शत्रु

Declension

Declension of दुश्मन (masc cons-stem)

	singular	plural
direct	दुश्मन duśman	दुश्मन duśman
oblique	दुश्मन duśman	दुश्मनों duśmanõ
vocative	दुश्मन duśman	दुश्मनो duśmano

Derived terms

• अक़्ल का दुश्मन (aqla kā duśman)

Derived terms

• दुश्मनी (duśmanī)

References

• Dāsa, Śyāmasundara (1965–1975), “दुश्मन”, in Hindī Śabdasāgara [lit. “Sea of Hindi words”] (in Hindi), Kashi [Varanasi]: Nagari Pracarini Sabha

Marathi

Alternative forms

• दुशमन (duśman), दुष्मन (duṣman)

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *dews-?

Proto-Indo-European *dus-

Proto-Indo-European *men-

Proto-Indo-European *ménos

Proto-Indo-European *-s

Proto-Indo-European *dusmenēs

Proto-Indo-Iranian *dušmánās

Proto-Iranian *dušmánāh

Classical Persian دُشْمَن (dušman)bor.

Marathi दुश्मन

Borrowed from Classical Persian دُشْمَن (dušman).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /d̪uɕ.mən/
• Hyphenation: दुश्‧मन
• Rhymes: -ən

Noun

दुश्मन • (duśman) m

1. enemy, rival, foe, nemesis

   Synonyms: वैरी (vairī), शत्रू (śatrū), रिपू (ripū)

Declension

Declension of दुश्मन (masc cons-stem)

	singular एकवचन	plural अनेकवचन
nominative प्रथमा	दुश्मन duśman	दुश्मन duśman
oblique सामान्यरूप	दुश्मना-3 duśmanā-3	दुश्मनां-3 duśmanā̃-3
accusative / dative द्वितीया / चतुर्थी	दुश्मनाला, दुश्मनास1, दुश्मनाते2 duśmanālā, duśmanās1, duśmanāte2	दुश्मनांना, दुश्मनांस1, दुश्मनांते2 duśmanā̃nā, duśmanā̃sa1, duśmanā̃te2
ergative	दुश्मनाने, दुश्मनानं duśmanāne, duśmanāna	दुश्मनांनी duśmanā̃nī
instrumental	दुश्मनाशी duśmanāśī	दुश्मनांशी duśmanā̃śī
locative सप्तमी	दुश्मनात duśmanāt	दुश्मनांत duśmanā̃ta
vocative संबोधन	दुश्मना duśmanā	दुश्मनांनो duśmanā̃no

¹Formal, or for the addressee in the beginning of a letter, or in Nagpuri dialect.
²Archaic.
³The oblique case precedes all postpositions. There is no space between the stem and the postposition.

Genitive declension of दुश्मन (masc cons-stem)

	masculine object पुल्लिंगी कर्म		feminine object स्त्रीलिंगी कर्म		neuter object नपुसकलिंगी कर्म		oblique सामान्यरूप
	singular एकवचन	plural अनेकवचन	singular एकवचन	plural अनेकवचन	singular एकवचन	plural अनेकवचन
singular subject एकवचनी कर्ता	दुश्मनाचा duśmanāċā	दुश्मनाचे duśmanāċe	दुश्मनाची duśmanācī	दुश्मनाच्या duśmanācā	दुश्मनाचे, दुश्मनाचं duśmanāċe, duśmanāċa	दुश्मनाची duśmanācī	दुश्मनाच्या1 duśmanācā1
plural subject अनेकवचनी कर्ता	दुश्मनांचा duśmanā̃ċā	दुश्मनांचे duśmanā̃ċe	दुश्मनांची duśmanā̃cī	दुश्मनांच्या duśmanā̃cā	दुश्मनांचे, दुश्मनांचं duśmanā̃ċe, duśmanā̃ċa	दुश्मनांची duśmanā̃cī	दुश्मनांच्या1 duśmanā̃cā1

¹For most postpostions, the oblique genitive can be optionally inserted between the stem and the postposition.

Derived terms

• दुश्मनी (duśmanī)

Nepali

Alternative forms

• दुस्मन (dusman)

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *dews-?

Proto-Indo-European *dus-

Proto-Indo-European *men-

Proto-Indo-European *ménos

Proto-Indo-European *-s

Proto-Indo-European *dusmenēs

Proto-Indo-Iranian *dušmánās

Proto-Iranian *dušmánāh

Classical Persian دُشْمَن (dušman)bor.

Hindi दुश्मन (duśman)bor.

Nepali दुश्मन

Borrowed from Hindi दुश्मन (duśman).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [d̪usmʌn]
• Phonetic Devanagari: दुस्मन्

Noun

दुश्मन • (duśman)

1. enemy, foe

Further reading

• “दुश्मन”, in नेपाली बृहत् शब्दकोश (nepālī br̥hat śabdakoś) [Comprehensive Nepali Dictionary]‎^[1], Kathmandu: Nepal Academy, 2018
• Schmidt, Ruth L. (1993), “दुश्मन”, in A Practical Dictionary of Modern Nepali, Ratna Sagar