دشمن

Azerbaijani

Other scripts
Cyrillic		дүшмән
Roman		düşmən
Perso-Arabic		دوشمن, دشمن

Noun

دشمن (düşmən) (definite accusative دشمنی‎ (düşməni), plural دشمنلر‎ (düşmənlər))

1. Arabic spelling of düşmən (“enemy”)

Declension

Declension of دشمن

	singular	plural
nominative	دشمن	دشمنلر‎
definite accusative	دشمنی‎	دشمنلری‎
dative	دشمنه‎	دشمنلره‎
locative	دشمنده‎	دشمنلرده‎
ablative	دشمندن‎	دشمنلردن‎
definite genitive	دشمنین‎	دشمنلرین‎

---

Baluchi

Noun

دشمن • (dušman)

1. enemy

See also

• دژمن‎ (dužman)

---

Ottoman Turkish

Alternative forms

• دشمن (düşman)

Etymology

Borrowed from Persian دشمن‎ (došman) (compare Avar тушман (tušman), Azerbaijani düşmən, Baluchi دژمن‎ (dužman), دشمن‎ (dušman), Bashkir дошман (došman), Bengali দুশমন (duśmôn), Chuvash тӑшман (tăšman), Crimean Tatar duşman, Gujarati દુશ્મન (duśman), Kazakh дұшпан (duşpan), Kumyk душман (duşman), Northern Kurdish dijmin, دوژمن‎ (dujmin), Macedonian душман (dušman), Moksha душман (dušman), Pashto دوښمن‎ (duӽmán), دښمن‎ (doӽmán), Punjabi ਦੁਸ਼ਮਣ (duśmaṇ), Russian душма́н (dušmán), Sindhi دشمن‎, Tajik душман (dušman), Turkmen duşman, Urdu دشمن‎ (duśman), Uyghur دۈشمەن‎ (düshmen), Uzbek dushman, Zazaki dişmen).

Noun

دشمن • (düşmen)

1. enemy, foe

Descendants

• → Laz: დუშმენი (dušmeni), დუშმანი (dušmani)
• → Bulgarian: душман (dušman), душманин (dušmanin)
• → Macedonian: душман (dušman)
• → Romanian: dușman, dușmancă
• → Serbo-Croatian: ду̏шман / dȕšman
• Turkish: düşman
• → Urdu: دشمن‎ (duśman)

---

Persian

Etymology

From Middle Persian [script needed] (dwšmn'), [script needed] (dwšmyn'), 𐫅𐫇𐫢𐫖𐫏𐫗‎ (dwšmyn /dušmēn/, “enemy”), from Proto-Iranian *dušmánah, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *dus- (“bad”) + *men- (“mind”).

Pronunciation

• (Iranian Persian) IPA^(key): [doʃˈmæn]

Noun

Dari Persian	دشمن
Iranian Persian
Tajik	душман (dušman)

دشمن • (došman) (plural دشمنان‎ (došmanân))

1. enemy

Inflection

Basic forms of دشمن (došman)

	singular	plural
bare	دشمن (došmán)	دشمن‌ها (došman-hấ) دشمنا△ (došmanấ)
definitive direct object	دشمن را (došmán râ) دشمن رو△ (došmáno)	دشمن‌ها را (došman-hấ râ) دشمنا رو△ (došmanấ ro)
ezâfé	دشمن (došmán-e)	دشمن‌های (došman-hấ-ye) دشمنای△ (došmanấ-ye)
marked indefinite or relative definite	دشمنی (došmán-i)	دشمن‌هایی (došmanấn-i, došman-hấ-i) دشمنایی△ (došmanấi)
△ Colloquial.

Possessive forms of دشمن (došman)

	singular	plural
1st person singular (“my”)	دشمنم (došmánam)	دشمن‌هایم (došman-hấyam) دشمن‌هام، دشمنام△ (došmanấm)
2nd person singular (“your”)	دشمنت (došmánat) △ (došmánet)	دشمن‌هایت (došman-hấyat) دشمن‌هات، دشمنات△ (došmanất)
3rd person singular (“his, her, its”)	دشمنش (došmánaš) △ (došmáneš)	دشمن‌هایش (došman-hấyaš) دشمن‌هاش، دشمناش△ (došmanấš)
1st person plural (“our”)	دشمنمان (došmánemân) دشمنمون△ (došmánemun)	دشمن‌هایمان (došman-hấyemân) دشمن‌هامون، دشمنامون△ (došmanấmun)
2nd person plural (“your”)	دشمنتان (došmánetân) دشمنتون△ (došmánetun)	دشمن‌هایتان (došman-hấyetân) دشمن‌هاتون، دشمناتون△ (došmanấtun)
3rd person plural (“their”)	دشمنشان (došmánešân) دشمنشون△ (došmánešun)	دشمن‌هایشان (došman-hấyešân) دشمن‌هاشون، دشمناشون△ (došmanấšun)
△ Colloquial.

Predicative forms of دشمن (došman)

	singular	plural
1st person (“I am/we are”)	دشمنم (došmánam)	دشمنیم (došmánim)
2nd person (“you are”)	دشمنی (došmáni)	دشمنید (došmánid) دشمنین△ (došmánin)
3rd person (“he, she, it is/they are”)	دشمن است (došmán ast) دشمنه△ (došmáne)	دشمنند (došmánand) دشمنن△ (došmánan)
△ Colloquial.

Antonyms

• دوست‎ (dust)

Derived terms

• دشمنی‎ (došmani)

Borrowed terms

• Armenian: թշնամի (tʿšnami)
• Assamese: দুছমন (dusomon)
• Avar: тушман (tušman)
• Azeri: дүшмән / düşmən
• Bashkir: дошман (došman)
• Bengali: দুশমন (duśmôn)
• Chuvash: тӑшман (tăšman)
• Eastern Mari: тушман (tušman)
• Erzya: душман
• Hindi: दुश्मन (duśman)
• Kazakh: дұшпан (duşpan)
• Kyrgyz: душман (duşman), тушман (tuşman)
• Moksha: душман (dušman)
• Old Tati:

  Old Azari: دشمن‎ (dusmon)

• Ottoman Turkish: دشمن‎ (düşman), دشمن‎ (düşmen)
  • Turkish: düşman
  • → Laz: დუშმენი (dušmeni), დუშმანი (dušmani)
  • → Bulgarian: душман (dušman), душманин (dušmanin)
  • → Macedonian: душман (dušman)
  • → Romanian: dușman, dușmancă
  • → Serbo-Croatian: ду̏шман / dȕšman
• Marathi: दुशमन (duśman)
• Nepali: दुस्मन (dusman), दुश्मन (duśman)
• Punjabi: ਦੁਸ਼ਮਣ (duśmaṇ), ਦੁਸਮਣ (dusmaṇ)
• Romani: dušman
• Russian: душма́н (dušmán)
• Santali: ᱫᱩᱥᱢᱚᱱ (dusmôn)
• Sylheti: ꠖꠥꠡ꠆ꠝꠘ (duśmono)
• Syriac/Assyrian Neo-Aramaic: ܕܷܙ̰ܡܷܢ,‎ (dižmin), ܕܫܡܢ‎,
• Turkmen: душман / duşman
• Udi: дуьшмаьн (düšmän)
• Urdu: دشمن‎ (duśman)
• Uzbek: душман / dushman

References

• Ačaṙean, Hračʿeay (1973) , “թշնամի”, in Hayerēn armatakan baṙaran [Dictionary of Armenian Root Words] (in Armenian), volume II, 2nd edition, reprint of the original 1926–1935 seven-volume edition, Yerevan: University Press, pages 191–192

---

Urdu

Etymology

Borrowed from Persian دشمن‎ (došman).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /d̪ʊʃ.mən/
• Rhymes: -ən

Noun

دُشْمَن • (duśman) m (Hindi spelling दुश्मन)

1. enemy, foe
2. opponent

   Synonym: مُخالف‎ (muk͟hālif)

Related terms

• دشمنی‎ (duśmanī)

Declension

Declension of دشمن
	singular	plural
direct	دُشمن‎ (duśman)	دُشمن‎ (duśman)
oblique	دُشمن‎ (duśman)	دُشمنوں‎ (duśmanō̃)
vocative	دُشمن‎ (duśman)	دُشمنو‎ (duśmanō)

References

• S. W. Fallon (1879) , “دشمن”, in A New Hindustani-English Dictionary, Banaras, London: Trubner and Co.
• “دشمن”, in اُردُو لُغَت (in Urdu), Ministry of Education: Government of Pakistan, 2017.
• Platts, John T. (1884) , “دشمن”, in A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English, London: W. H. Allen & co.
• Qureshi, Bashir Ahmad (1971) , “دشمن”, in Kitabistan's 20th Century Standard Dictionary (in Urdu), Lahore: Kitabistan Pub. Co.
• “دشمن”, in Rekhta Urdu Dictionary (in Urdu), Noida, India: Rekhta Foundation, 2021.
• John Shakespear (1834) , “دشمن”, in A dictionary, Hindustani and English: with a copious index, fitting the work to serve, also, as a dictionary of English and Hindustani., 3rd edition, London