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शत्रु

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary

See also: शत्रू

Hindi

Etymology

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit शत्रु (śatru).

Pronunciation

(Standard Hindi) IPA^(key): /ʃət̪.ɾuː/, [ʃɐt̪.ɾuː]

Noun

शत्रु • (śatru) m (Urdu spelling شترو)

enemy, adversary, foe
Synonyms: see Thesaurus:शत्रु

Antonyms: see Thesaurus:मित्र

शत्रु को पीछे हटना पड़ा।
śatru ko pīche haṭnā paṛā.
The enemy was forced to retreat.

Declension

Declension of *शत्रु* (masc u-stem)
	singular	plural
direct	शत्रु śatru	शत्रु śatru
oblique	शत्रु śatru	शत्रुओं śatruõ
vocative	शत्रु śatru	शत्रुओ śatruo

References

Dāsa, Śyāmasundara (1965–1975), “शत्रु”, in Hindī Śabdasāgara [lit. “Sea of Hindi words”] (in Hindi), Kashi [Varanasi]: Nagari Pracarini Sabha, page 4685
Caturvedi, Mahendra; Bhola Nath Tiwari (1970), “शत्रु”, in A practical Hindi-English dictionary, Delhi: National Publishing House, page 734
McGregor, Ronald Stuart (1993), “शत्रु”, in The Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary, London: Oxford University Press, page 842
Bahri, Hardev (1989), “शत्रु”, in Siksarthi Hindi-Angrejhi Sabdakosa [Learners' Hindi-English Dictionary], Delhi: Rajpal & Sons, page 607.

Sanskrit

Alternative scripts

Alternative scripts

শত্ৰু (Assamese script)
ᬰᬢ᭄ᬭᬸ (Balinese script)
শত্রু (Bengali script)
𑰫𑰝𑰿𑰨𑰲 (Bhaiksuki script)
𑀰𑀢𑁆𑀭𑀼 (Brahmi script)
ၐတြု (Burmese script)
શત્રુ (Gujarati script)
ਸ਼ਤ੍ਰੁ (Gurmukhi script)
𑌶𑌤𑍍𑌰𑍁 (Grantha script)
ꦯꦠꦿꦸ (Javanese script)
𑂬𑂞𑂹𑂩𑂳 (Kaithi script)
ಶತ್ರು (Kannada script)
ឝត្រុ (Khmer script)
ຨຕ຺ຣຸ (Lao script)
ശത്രു (Malayalam script)
ᡧᠠᢠᡵᡠ (Manchu script)
𑘫𑘝𑘿𑘨𑘳 (Modi script)
ᠱᠠᢐᠷᠤ (Mongolian script)
𑧋𑦽𑧠𑧈𑧔 (Nandinagari script)
𑐱𑐟𑑂𑐬𑐸 (Newa script)
ଶତ୍ରୁ (Odia script)
ꢯꢡ꣄ꢬꢸ (Saurashtra script)
𑆯𑆠𑇀𑆫𑆶 (Sharada script)
𑖫𑖝𑖿𑖨𑖲 (Siddham script)
ශත්‍රු (Sinhalese script)
𑩿𑩫 𑪙𑩼𑩒 (Soyombo script)
𑚧𑚙𑚶𑚤𑚰 (Takri script)
ஶத்ரு (Tamil script)
శత్రు (Telugu script)
ศตฺรุ (Thai script)
ཤ་ཏྲུ (Tibetan script)
𑒬𑒞𑓂𑒩𑒳 (Tirhuta script)
𑨮𑨙𑩇𑨫𑨃 (Zanabazar Square script)

Etymology

Uncertain. Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *keh₃- and cognate with Ancient Greek κότος (kótos, “anger”), German Hader (“strife”), Irish cath (“battle”) (with unexpected a), Old Church Slavonic котора (kotora, “quarrel”) (with *ḱ > *k?).^[1]^[2]

Pronunciation

(Vedic) IPA^(key): /ɕɐ́t.ɾu/
(Classical Sanskrit) IPA^(key): /ɕɐt̪.ɾu/

Noun

शत्रु॑ • (śátru) stem, m

(literally) "overthrower"; enemy, foe
- c. 1500 BCE – 1000 BCE, Ṛgveda 10.54.2:
  यदच॑रस्त॒न्वा॑ वावृधा॒नो बला॑नीन्द्र प्रब्रुवा॒णो जने॑षु।
  मा॒येत्सा ते॒ यानि॑ यु॒द्धान्या॒हुर्नाद्य शत्रुं॑ न॒नु पु॒रा वि॑वित्से॥
  yádácarastanvā̀ vāvṛdhānó bálānīndra prabruvāṇó jáneṣu.
  māyétsā́ te yā́ni yuddhā́nyāhúrnā́dyá śátruṃ nanú purā́ vivitse.
  When you were roaming, increasing in body, telling your might, Indra, among the people, all the men called your battles as illusions: no foe have you to date, nor had you one before.
rival
a hostile king (especially a neighbouring king as a natural enemy)
the 6th astrological mansion, Var Yogay
Asparagus racemosus
name of an Asura

Declension

Masculine u-stem declension of शत्रु॑
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	शत्रुः॑ (śátruḥ)	शत्रू॑ (śátrū)	शत्र॑वः (śátravaḥ)
accusative	शत्रु॑म् (śátrum)	शत्रू॑ (śátrū)	शत्रू॑न् (śátrūn)
instrumental	शत्रु॑णा (śátruṇā)	शत्रु॑भ्याम् (śátrubhyām)	शत्रु॑भिः (śátrubhiḥ)
dative	शत्र॑वे (śátrave)	शत्रु॑भ्याम् (śátrubhyām)	शत्रु॑भ्यः (śátrubhyaḥ)
ablative	शत्रोः॑ (śátroḥ)	शत्रु॑भ्याम् (śátrubhyām)	शत्रु॑भ्यः (śátrubhyaḥ)
genitive	शत्रोः॑ (śátroḥ)	शत्र्वोः॑ (śátrvoḥ)	शत्रू॑णाम् (śátrūṇām)
locative	शत्रौ॑ (śátrau)	शत्र्वोः॑ (śátrvoḥ)	शत्रु॑षु (śátruṣu)
vocative	शत्रो॑ (śátro)	शत्रू॑ (śátrū)	शत्र॑वः (śátravaḥ)

Derived terms

Descendants

Helu Prakrit:
- Dhivehi: ހަތުރު (haturu)
- Sinhalese: සතුරා (saturā)
→ Old Javanese: [script needed] (śatru)
- → Balinese: satru
- → Sundanese: satru
- Javanese: satru
  - → Indonesian: satru
→ Old Khmer: [script needed] (śatru)
- → Khmer: សត្រូវ (sattrəw)
- → Lao: ສັຕຣູ (sat rū)
- → Thai: ศัตรู (sàt-dtruu)
→ Old Malay: [script needed] (śatru)
- Malay: seteru
  - Indonesian: seteru
→ Old Tamil:
- Tamil: சத்துரு (catturu)
Pali: sattu
- → Lao: ສັດຕູ (sat tū)

→ Assamese: শত্ৰু (xotru)
→ Bengali: শত্রু (śotru)
→ Gujarati: શત્રુ (śatru)
→ Hindi: शत्रु (śatru)
→ Kannada: ಶತ್ರು (śatru)
→ Malayalam: ശത്രു (śatru)
→ Marathi: शत्रू (śatrū)
→ Punjabi: ਸ਼ੱਤਰੂ (śattarū) / شترو (śtro)
→ Telugu: శత్రువు (śatruvu), శత్రుడు (śatruḍu)

References

^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996), “śátru-”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[1] (in German), volume 2, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 607
^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1976), “śátruḥ”, in Kurzgefasstes Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindischen [A Concise Etymological Sanskrit Dictionary]‎^[2] (in German), volume 3, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 294

Further reading

“श॑त्रु” in Carl Cappeller, A Sanskrit–English Dictionary: Based upon the St. Petersburg Lexicons, Strasbourg: Karl J. Trübner, 1891, →OCLC, page 536, column 2.
Arthur Anthony Macdonell (1893), “शत्रु”, in A practical Sanskrit dictionary with transliteration, accentuation, and etymological analysis throughout, London: Oxford University Press, page 307
Monier Williams (1899), “शत्रु”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 1051, column 1.
Horace Hayman Wilson, A dictionary in Sanscrit and English, 2nd ed., Calcutta: Education Press, Circular Road, 1832, page 828

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