思う
Appearance
Japanese
[edit]| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 思 |
| おも Grade: 2 |
| kun'yomi |
| Alternative spellings |
|---|
| 想う (somewhat literary) 念う (literary) 惟う (literary) 憶う (literary) 懐う (literary) 以う (rare) 意う (rare) |
Etymology
[edit]⟨omo2pu⟩ → */əməpu/ → /omoɸu/ → /omou/
From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *əməp-.[1][2] First attested in the Kojiki of 712 CE.[3] Also appears in the Man'yōshū poetry compilation, completed c. 759 CE. There are two main theories for its ultimate derivation:
- May be cognate with 面 (omo, “face”), from the sense of how one's emotions appear on one's face.[1]
- May be cognate with 重 (omo, “weight”), from the sense of weighing different options.[1] Compare similar derivations of English ponder (as in “to weigh; to think”) and ponderous (as in “heavy, weighty”). However, this runs into problems, since the ancestor of this form is reconstructed as *onpo- (“heavy”).
Pronunciation
[edit]- Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of 思う
| Plain | 思う | おもう | [òmóꜜù] |
|---|---|---|---|
| Conjunctive | 思って | おもって | [òmóꜜttè] |
| Perfective | 思った | おもった | [òmóꜜttà] |
| Negative | 思わない | おもわない | [òmówáꜜnàì] |
| Negative perfective | 思わなかった | おもわなかった | [òmówáꜜnàkàttà] |
| Hypothetical conditional | 思えば | おもえば | [òmóꜜèbà] |
| Past conditional | 思ったら | おもったら | [òmóꜜttàrà] |
| Imperative | 思え | おもえ | [òmóꜜè] |
| Volitional | 思おう | おもおー | [òmóóꜜò] |
| Desiderative | 思いたい | おもいたい | [òmóítáꜜì] |
| Formal | 思います | おもいます | [òmóímáꜜsù] |
| Formal negative | 思いません | おもいません | [òmóímáséꜜǹ] |
| Formal volitional | 思いましょう | おもいましょー | [òmóímáshóꜜò] |
| Formal perfective | 思いました | おもいました | [òmóímáꜜshìtà] |
| Continuative | 思い 思いに |
おもい おもいに |
[òmóꜜì] [òmóꜜì nì] |
| Negative continuative | 思わず 思わずに |
おもわず おもわずに |
[òmówáꜜzù] [òmówáꜜzù nì] |
| Passive | 思われる | おもわれる | [òmówáréꜜrù] |
| Causative | 思わせる 思わす |
おもわせる おもわす |
[òmówáséꜜrù] [òmówáꜜsù] |
| Potential | 思える | おもえる | [òmóéꜜrù] |
Verb
[edit]思う • (omou) ←おもふ (omofu)?intransitive godan (stem 思い (omoi), past 思った (omotta))
Usage notes
[edit]- A pattern with which this verb is often used is:
- While both 思う (omou) and synonym 考える (kangaeru) can be used to mean to think, omou may include more emotional and subjective overtones, whereas kangaeru implies more analytic and objective thought.[1] Furthermore, the Kanji spelling 思う is used for more shallow thought and 想う is used for more deep introspection.[6]
Conjugation
[edit]| Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 思わ | おもわ | omowa |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 思い | おもい | omoi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 思う | おもう | omou |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 思う | おもう | omou |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 思え | おもえ | omoe |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 思え | おもえ | omoe |
| Key constructions | |||
| Passive | 思われる | おもわれる | omowareru |
| Causative | 思わせる 思わす |
おもわせる おもわす |
omowaseru omowasu |
| Potential | 思える | おもえる | omoeru |
| Volitional | 思おう | おもおう | omoō |
| Negative | 思わない | おもわない | omowanai |
| Negative continuative | 思わず | おもわず | omowazu |
| Formal | 思います | おもいます | omoimasu |
| Perfective | 思った | おもった | omotta |
| Conjunctive | 思って | おもって | omotte |
| Hypothetical conditional | 思えば | おもえば | omoeba |
| Stem forms | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Irrealis (未然形) | 思は | おもは | omofa |
| Continuative (連用形) | 思ひ | おもひ | omofi |
| Terminal (終止形) | 思ふ | おもふ | omofu |
| Attributive (連体形) | 思ふ | おもふ | omofu |
| Realis (已然形) | 思へ | おもへ | omofe |
| Imperative (命令形) | 思へ | おもへ | omofe |
| Key constructions | |||
| Negative | 思はず | おもはず | omofazu |
| Contrasting conjunction | 思へど | おもへど | omofedo |
| Causal conjunction | 思へば | おもへば | omofeba |
| Conditional conjunction | 思はば | おもはば | omofaba |
| Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | 思ひき | おもひき | omofiki |
| Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | 思ひけり | おもひけり | omofikeri |
| Perfect tense (conscious action) | 思ひつ | おもひつ | omofitu |
| Perfect tense (natural event) | 思ひぬ | おもひぬ | omofinu |
| Perfect-continuative tense | 思へり 思ひたり |
おもへり おもひたり |
omoferi omofitari |
| Volitional | 思はむ | おもはむ | omofamu |
¹ In everyday speech, せら is shortened into さ in the causative passive forms of godan verbs: 思わせられる → 思わされる. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Synonyms
[edit]- 考える (kangaeru)
Derived terms
[edit]- 慮る (omonpakaru, “(formal) to consider carefully”)
References
[edit]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Shōgaku Tosho (1988), 国語大辞典(新装版) [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ^ “思・想・憶・懐”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten][1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
- ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
- ^ Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ^ Mair, Victor (13 October 2025), “"Think" in Japanese”, in Language Log[2], retrieved 13 October 2025
- “思う”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia][3] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2026
Categories:
- Japanese terms spelled with 思 read as おも
- Japanese terms read with kun'yomi
- Japanese terms inherited from Old Japanese
- Japanese terms derived from Old Japanese
- Japanese terms inherited from Proto-Japonic
- Japanese terms derived from Proto-Japonic
- Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation
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- Japanese lemmas
- Japanese verbs
- Japanese intransitive verbs
- Japanese godan verbs
- Japanese godan verbs ending with -u
- Japanese terms spelled with second grade kanji
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