𐌷𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌳𐌿𐌼𐌰

Gothic

Etymology

Contains the comparative suffix -𐌿𐌼𐌰 (-uma). The root is ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ḱley- (“to lean, incline”), with a sense of "crooked, slack". Compare Old Irish clé (“left”) and Latin clīvius (“inauspicious”) from the same root. The origin of the 𐌳 (d) is unclear, but Lehmann (1986) suggests derivation from a formation similar to Proto-Germanic *hlīdō (“slope”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈhliː.du.ma/, [ˈhliː.ðu.ma]

Adjective

𐌷𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌳𐌿𐌼𐌰 • (hleiduma)

2. left (west side of the body when one is facing north)
   • 4th Century, Wulfila (tr.), Gothic Bible: Second Epistle to the Corinthians (Codex Ambrosianus B) 6.7:

     𐌹𐌽 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌳𐌰 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌾𐍉𐍃, 𐌹𐌽 𐌼𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌰𐌹 𐌲𐌿𐌳𐌹𐍃, 𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌷 𐍅𐌴𐍀𐌽𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌷𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌷𐍃𐍅𐍉𐌽𐌰 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌷𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌳𐌿𐌼𐍉𐌽𐌰,

     in waurda sunjōs, in mahtai gudis, þairh wēpna garaihteins taihswōna jah hleidumōna,

     By the word of truth, by the power of God, by the armour of righteousness on the right hand and on the left, (KJV).

     (literally, “ […] through weapons of righteousness, the right ones and the left ones,”)

3. (feminine) left (left hand; the left side)
   • 4th Century, Wulfila (tr.), Gothic Bible: Gospel of Matthew (Codex Argenteus) 6.3:

     𐌹𐌸 𐌸𐌿𐌺 𐍄𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽 𐌰𐍂𐌼𐌰𐌹𐍉𐌽 𐌽𐌹 𐍅𐌹𐍄𐌹 𐌷𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌳𐌿𐌼𐌴𐌹 𐌸𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰, 𐍈𐌰 𐍄𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌹𐌸 𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌷𐍃𐍅𐍉 𐌸𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰,

     iþ þuk taujandan armaiōn ni witi hleidumei þeina, ƕa taujiþ taihswō þeina,

     But when thou doest alms, let not thy left hand know what thy right hand doeth: (KJV).

   • 4th Century, Wulfila (tr.), Gothic Bible: Gospel of Mark (Codex Argenteus) 15.27:

     𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐌹𐌼𐌼𐌰 𐌿𐍃𐌷𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 𐍄𐍅𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽𐍃, 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌰𐍆 𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌷𐍃𐍅𐍉𐌽 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌰𐍆 𐌷𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌳𐌿𐌼𐌴𐌹𐌽 𐌹𐍃.

     jah miþ imma ushramidēdun twans waidēdjans, ainana af taihswōn jah ainana af hleidumein is.

     And with him they crucify two thieves; the one on his right hand, and the other on his left. (KJV).

Declension

The accusative plural neuter form is attested as 𐌷𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌳𐌿𐌼𐍉𐌽𐌽𐌰 (hleidumōnna) in Codex Ambrosianus A, apparently a misspelling; Codex Ambrosianus B has the expected 𐌷𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌳𐌿𐌼𐍉𐌽𐌰 (hleidumōna).

An/īn-stem, weak forms only
Singular	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	𐌷𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌳𐌿𐌼𐌰 hleiduma	𐌷𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌳𐌿𐌼𐌴𐌹 hleidumei	𐌷𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌳𐌿𐌼𐍉 hleidumō
Accusative	𐌷𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌳𐌿𐌼𐌰𐌽 hleiduman	𐌷𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌳𐌿𐌼𐌴𐌹𐌽 hleidumein	𐌷𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌳𐌿𐌼𐍉 hleidumō
Genitive	𐌷𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌳𐌿𐌼𐌹𐌽𐍃 hleidumins	𐌷𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌳𐌿𐌼𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 hleidumeins	𐌷𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌳𐌿𐌼𐌹𐌽𐍃 hleidumins
Dative	𐌷𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌳𐌿𐌼𐌹𐌽 hleidumin	𐌷𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌳𐌿𐌼𐌴𐌹𐌽 hleidumein	𐌷𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌳𐌿𐌼𐌹𐌽 hleidumin
Plural	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	𐌷𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌳𐌿𐌼𐌰𐌽𐍃 hleidumans	𐌷𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌳𐌿𐌼𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 hleidumeins	𐌷𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌳𐌿𐌼𐍉𐌽𐌰 hleidumōna
Accusative	𐌷𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌳𐌿𐌼𐌰𐌽𐍃 hleidumans	𐌷𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌳𐌿𐌼𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 hleidumeins	𐌷𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌳𐌿𐌼𐍉𐌽𐌰 hleidumōna
Genitive	𐌷𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌳𐌿𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌴 hleidumanē	𐌷𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌳𐌿𐌼𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍉 hleidumeinō	𐌷𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌳𐌿𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌴 hleidumanē
Dative	𐌷𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌳𐌿𐌼𐌰𐌼 hleidumam	𐌷𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌳𐌿𐌼𐌴𐌹𐌼 hleidumeim	𐌷𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌳𐌿𐌼𐌰𐌼 hleidumam

Antonyms

• 𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌷𐍃𐍅𐌰 (taihswa, “right”)

Hypernyms

• 𐌷𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌿𐍃 (handus, “hand”)

Related terms

• 𐌷𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌴 (hlainē, “hill”)
• 𐌷𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍅 (hlaiw, “tomb”)

Further reading

• Lehmann, Winfred P. (1986) “H78. *hleiduma”, in A Gothic Etymological Dictionary, based on the 3rd ed. of Feist’s dictionary, Leiden: E. J. Brill, page 187
• Streitberg, Wilhelm (1910). Die gotische Bibel. Zweiter Teil: Gotisch-griechisch-deutsches Wörterbuch. Heidelberg: Carl Winter’s Universitätsbuchhandlung, p. 58