Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/meluks: difference between revisions
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====Descendants==== |
====Descendants==== |
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* |
* {{desctree|ang|meolc}} |
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* {{desc|ofs|melok}} |
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** Middle English: {{l|enm|mulc}}, {{l|enm|melk}}, {{l|enm|milk}} |
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** {{desc|frr|molke}} |
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*** Scots: {{l|sco|melk}}, {{l|sco|milk}} |
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** {{desc|stq|Molk}} |
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* |
** {{desc|fy|molke}} |
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* {{desc|osx|miluk}} |
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** |
** {{desc|gml|melik}}, {{l|gml|melk}} |
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** |
*** {{desc|nds-nl|melk}} |
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* |
*** {{desc|nds-de|Melk}} |
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***: {{desc|pdt|Malkj}} |
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** Middle Low German: {{l|gml|melik}}, {{l|gml|melk}} |
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* {{desc|odt|miluk}}, {{l|odt|miloch}} |
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** {{desctree|dum|melc}} |
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⚫ | |||
* Old Dutch: {{l|odt|miluk}}, {{l|odt|miloch}} |
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** |
** {{desc|gmh|milich}}, {{l|gmh|milch}} |
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*** |
*** {{desc|gsw|Möuch}}, {{l|gsw|Melch}} |
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*** |
***: {{desc|swg|Milk}} |
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⚫ | |||
**** Afrikaans: {{l|af|melk}} |
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*** {{desc|bar|Muich}}, {{l|bar|Milli}}, {{l|bar|milch}}, {{l|bar|milach}}, {{l|bar|milich}} |
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⚫ | |||
** |
***: {{desc|cim|milch}}, {{l|cim|milach}} |
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*** |
***: {{desc|mhn|milch}} |
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*** {{desctree|de|Milch}} |
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*** |
*** {{desc|lb|Mëllech}} |
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*** |
*** {{desc|gmw-rfr|-}} |
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*** |
***: {{desc|pdc|Millich}} |
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** |
*** {{desc|wym|myłich}} |
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* |
*** {{desc|yi|מילך}} |
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* {{desctree|non|mjǫlk}} |
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⚫ | |||
** Faroese: {{l|fo|mjólk}} |
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* |
* {{desc|bor=1|sla-pro|*melko}} {{q|possibly}} |
||
** Old Swedish: {{l|gmq-osw|miolk}}, {{l|gmq-oda|miølk}} |
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*** Swedish: {{l|sv|mjölk}} |
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** Old Danish: {{l|gmq-oda|mialk}}, {{l|gmq-oda|miælk}}, {{l|gmq-oda|mælk}}, {{l|gmq-oda|miølk}} |
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*** Danish: {{l|da|mælk}} |
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** Westrobothnian: {{l|gmq-bot|mjołk}} |
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** Elfdalian: {{l|ovd|mjok}} |
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⚫ | |||
** Scanian: {{l|gmq-scy|milk}}, {{l|gmq-scy|mjælk}} |
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* Gothic: {{l|got|𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌿𐌺𐍃}} |
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⚫ | |||
* →? Proto-Slavic: {{l|sla-pro|*melko}} {{q|possibly}} |
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===References=== |
===References=== |
Revision as of 22:49, 30 November 2018
Proto-Germanic
Etymology
From (deprecated template usage) [etyl] Proto-Indo-European *h₂melǵ-. Cognate with Latin mulgeō (“milk”, verb).
The presence of *-u- in the second syllable is aberrant, as it was not present in the PIE root or even in the related Germanic verb *melkaną. However, the evidence of all descendants speaks unambiguously in favour of its presence. Aside from being directly attested in most of them, it is also implied by Old Norse u-mutation in case forms where it would not be expected, and in the raising of e to i before u in the non-Ingvaeonic West Germanic languages.
Possible theories of origin of the disputed *-u-:
- According to Kümmel, the vowel *u is an anaptyctic vowel, inserted after the resonant in to ease the complicated cluster of three consonants *VRCs#.
- According to Szemerenyi (1992: 1125) it is the result of contamination of the full- and zero-grade in an ablauting paradigm */melk-z/, genitive */mulk-iz/, but this leaves the Schwebeablaut unexplained.
- According to Bammesberger (1990: 196f) this */u/ represents a schwa that arose between the */l/ and the */k/ in the nominative */melk-z/. However, this solution fails to explain why the same did not happen in e.g *alhs (“temple”).
- According to Kroonen, *-u- originates from the strong verb *mel(u)kaną (“to milk”), whence this archaic root noun likely derives. This does not answer the ultimate origin of the u however.
Pronunciation
- (deprecated use of
|lang=
parameter) IPA(key): /ˈme.luks/
Noun
*meluks f
Inflection
consonant stemDeclension of *meluks (consonant stem) | |||
---|---|---|---|
singular | plural | ||
nominative | *meluks | *melukiz | |
vocative | *meluk | *melukiz | |
accusative | *melukų | *melukunz | |
genitive | *melukiz | *melukǫ̂ | |
dative | *meluki | *melukumaz | |
instrumental | *melukē | *melukumiz |
Derived terms
Related terms
Descendants
- Old English: meolc, meoloc, meoluc, milc
- Old Frisian: melok
- Old Saxon: miluk
- Old Dutch: miluk, miloch
- Old High German: miluh
- Old Norse: mjǫlk, mjolk, mjólk; miolk — Old East Norse
- → Proto-Samic: *mielkkē
- → Proto-Slavic: *melko (possibly)
References
- Kümmel, M.J. (2004), Ungeklärtes *u neben Liquida in germanischen Nomina, in: A. Hyllested, A. R. Jørgensen (et al. eds.), Per Aspera ad Asteriscos. Studia Indogermanica in honorem Jens Elmegård Rasmussen sexagenarii Idibus Martiis anno MMMIV (Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft 112), Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen der Universität Innsbruck, 291-303. p. 298
- Kroonen, Guus (2013) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 364
- Szemerenyi, O. (1987-1992), Scripta minora, selected essays in Inda-European, Greek, and Latin. Innsbruck
- Bammesberger, A. (1990), Die Morphologie des urgermanischen Nomens. Heidelberg