Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/kwelaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷelH- (“to hurt”). Related to Lithuanian gélti (“to hurt”), Old Irish atbaill (“to die”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈkʷe.lɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*kwelaną

1. to suffer, hurt

Inflection

Conjugation of *kwelaną (strong class 4)

	active voice			passive voice
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*kwelō	*kwelaų	—	*kwelai	?
2nd singular	*kwilizi	*kwelaiz	*kwel	*kwelazai	*kwelaizau
3rd singular	*kwilidi	*kwelai	*kweladau	*kweladai	*kwelaidau
1st dual	*kwelōz	*kwelaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*kweladiz	*kwelaidiz	*kweladiz	—	—
1st plural	*kwelamaz	*kwelaim	—	*kwelandai	*kwelaindau
2nd plural	*kwilid	*kwelaid	*kwilid	*kwelandai	*kwelaindau
3rd plural	*kwelandi	*kwelain	*kwelandau	*kwelandai	*kwelaindau
past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*kwal	*kwēlį̄
2nd singular	*kwalt	*kwēlīz
3rd singular	*kwal	*kwēlī
1st dual	*kwēlū	*kwēlīw
2nd dual	*kwēludiz	*kwēlīdiz
1st plural	*kwēlum	*kwēlīm
2nd plural	*kwēlud	*kwēlīd
3rd plural	*kwēlun	*kwēlīn
	present	past
participles	*kwelandz	*kulanaz

Derived terms

• *kwaljaną
• *kwalō
• *kwēlō

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *kwelan
  • Old English: cwelan
    • Middle English: quelen
      • English: queal
  • Old Saxon: quelan
    • Middle Low German: quelen
  • Old Dutch: *quelan
    • Middle Dutch: quēlen, queilen
      • Dutch: kwelen
      • → Middle English: quaylen
        • English: quail
  • Old High German: quelan
    • Middle High German: queln
      • German: quälen

Further reading

• Guus Kroonen (2013) Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN