Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₂eh₃mós

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This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Alternative reconstructions

  • *Hom-o-, *Hōm-o-[1]
  • *h₁oh₁-mó-;[2] (separately) *Hom-ro-, *h₂em-[3]
  • *HoH-mo-[4]
  • *h₃eH-mo-[4][5]

Etymology

Probably from *h₂eh₃- (“to be hot, burn”) +‎ *-mós.

Adjective

*h₂eh₃mós

  1. raw, uncooked
  2. bitter, sharp-tasting or sour

Declension

Thematic
masculine feminine
nominative *h₂eh₃mós *h₂eh₃méh₂
genitive *h₂eh₃mósyo *h₂eh₃méh₂s
masculine singular dual plural
nominative *h₂eh₃mós *h₂eh₃móh₁ *h₂eh₃móes
vocative *h₂eh₃mé *h₂eh₃móh₁ *h₂eh₃móes
accusative *h₂eh₃móm *h₂eh₃móh₁ *h₂eh₃móms
genitive *h₂eh₃mósyo *? *h₂eh₃móHom
ablative *h₂eh₃méad *? *h₂eh₃mómos, *h₂eh₃móbʰos
dative *h₂eh₃móey *? *h₂eh₃mómos, *h₂eh₃móbʰos
locative *h₂eh₃méy, *h₂eh₃móy *? *h₂eh₃móysu
instrumental *h₂eh₃móh₁ *? *h₂eh₃mṓys
feminine singular dual plural
nominative *h₂eh₃méh₂ *h₂eh₃méh₂h₁(e) *h₂eh₃méh₂es
vocative *h₂eh₃méh₂ *h₂eh₃méh₂h₁(e) *h₂eh₃méh₂es
accusative *h₂eh₃mā́m *h₂eh₃méh₂h₁(e) *h₂eh₃méh₂m̥s
genitive *h₂eh₃méh₂s *? *h₂eh₃méh₂oHom
ablative *h₂eh₃méh₂s *? *h₂eh₃méh₂mos, *h₂eh₃méh₂bʰos
dative *h₂eh₃méh₂ey *? *h₂eh₃méh₂mos, *h₂eh₃méh₂bʰos
locative *h₂eh₃méh₂, *h₂eh₃méh₂i *? *h₂eh₃méh₂su
instrumental *h₂eh₃méh₂h₁ *? *h₂eh₃méh₂mis, *h₂eh₃méh₂bʰis
neuter singular dual plural
nominative *h₂eh₃móm *h₂eh₃móy(h₁) *h₂eh₃méh₂
vocative *h₂eh₃móm *h₂eh₃móy(h₁) *h₂eh₃méh₂
accusative *h₂eh₃móm *h₂eh₃móy(h₁) *h₂eh₃méh₂
genitive *h₂eh₃mósyo *? *h₂eh₃móHom
ablative *h₂eh₃méad *? *h₂eh₃mómos, *h₂eh₃móbʰos
dative *h₂eh₃móey *? *h₂eh₃mómos, *h₂eh₃móbʰos
locative *h₂eh₃méy, *h₂eh₃móy *? *h₂eh₃móysu
instrumental *h₂eh₃móh₁ *? *h₂eh₃mṓys

Reconstruction notes

Sometimes (more traditionally) hypothesized to be its own root *Hem- in o-grade, though this does not easily account for the lengthened grades.[1] Contrarily, reconstructions with a coda laryngeal struggle to explain the reflexes with non-lengthened grades, but these may be explained either as dialectal pretonic shortening (Dybo's law) or as dissimilation of the second laryngeal to zero. The values of both laryngeals remain uncertain.[6][4]

Kroonen, comparing this set with Proto-Germanic *ēmǭ (“erysipelas”), reconstructs the root alternatively as *h₁eh₁- (“raw, reddish (of skin)”) with derivatives *h₁éh₁-mon- and *h₁oh₁-mó-.[2]

Derived terms

  • *h₂h₃m-ro- (“sour, bitter; sorrel?”) (or thematicized from *h₂éh₃-mr-)[7][8][9]
    • >? Proto-Germanic: *ampraz (with epenthetic *b > *p)[3] (see there for further descendants)
    • >? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hamrás or *Hamlás
    • >? Proto-Italic:
      • Latin: amārus (with analogical change of the suffix to -ārus?) (see there for further descendants)
  • *h₂é(h₃)m-ōl ~ *h₂(h₃)m̥-l-és[10]
    • >? Proto-Balto-Slavic:
      • Latvian: amuols (“yellow sorrel”)

Descendants

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Wodtko, Dagmar S., Irslinger, Britta, Schneider, Carolin (2008) “? *Hem- 'roh; bitter (?)'”, in Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, pages 202–204: “*Hom-o-; *Hō̆m-ó-; ? *Hōm-ó-”
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Guus Kroonen (2013) “*ēmōn- 1”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 117
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Guus Kroonen (2013) “*ampra-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 25
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ὠμός”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1680: “IE *HeHmo- ‘raw’ […] The word probably represents *h₃eHmos or *h₂eh₃mos”
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Martirosyan, Hrach (2010) “hum”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, pages 421–422: “One reconstructs PIE *h₂eh₃-mo- or *h₃eH-mo-”
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*omo-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 299
  7. ^ Friedrich Kluge (1883) “Ampfer”, in John Francis Davis, transl., Etymological Dictionary of the German Language, published 1891
  8. ^ Wodtko, Dagmar S., Irslinger, Britta, Schneider, Carolin (2008) “? *Hem- 'roh; bitter (?)'”, in Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, pages 202–204: “? *H(e/o)m-ro-”
  9. ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “amārus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 37
  10. ^ Guus Kroonen (2013) “*ampra/ōn-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎[3], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 25: “nom. *h₂ém-ōl, gen. *h₂m-l-ós”
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