Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-þuz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *-tus.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /θuz/

Noun

*-þuz m

1. Forms result nouns from verb roots, usually from strong verbs.

Inflection

u-stemDeclension of *-þuz (u-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*-þuz	*-þiwiz
vocative	*-þu	*-þiwiz
accusative	*-þų	*-þunz
genitive	*-þauz	*-þiwǫ̂
dative	*-þiwi	*-þumaz
instrumental	*-þū	*-þumiz

Usage notes

There are several variant forms based on the final consonant of the stem and the original position of the accent:

• Ending in a dental: *-suz (with the Germanic spirant law applied)
• Ending in an obstruent: *-tuz (with the Germanic spirant law applied)
• Otherwise: *-þuz, *-duz

Derived terms

Proto-Germanic terms suffixed with *-þuz

Descendants

This suffix was no longer productive in the daughter languages. The following lists outcomes of derived terms.

• Old English: -þ, -d, -t
  • English: -th, -d, -t
• Old Saxon: -th
• Old Dutch: *-t
  • Dutch: -t, -d
• Old High German: -d; -t
  • Middle High German: -?; -t
    • German: -de, -d; -t
• Old Norse: -ðr
  • Icelandic: -ður
  • Faroese: -ður
  • Swedish: -d
  • Danish: -d
• Gothic: -𐌸𐌿𐍃 (-þus)