Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/gnināti

This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Celtic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵn̥néh₃ti (“to know, recognize”).

Verb

*gnināti

to recognize

Reconstruction notes

Later in Celtic, the ablauting nasal infix -nā-/-na- was replaced by -nu- by analogy with *klinutor (“to hear”), accounting for the fact that the stem vowel i is not lowered to e in Old Irish.^[1]

Inflection

Nasal-infix athematic present with stem ablaut to an h₃-final root, suffixless preterite
Active voice
	Present	Imperfect	Future	Preterite
1st singular	*gnināmi	*gninamam	*gignāsū	*gegnū
2nd singular	*gnināsi	*gninatās	*gignāsesi	*gegnūs
3rd singular	*gnināti	*gninato	*gignāseti	*gegnū
1st plural	*gninamosi	*gninamo	*gignāsomosi	*gegnamo
2nd plural	*gninatesi	*gninastē	*gignāsetesi	*gegnate
3rd plural	*gninonti	*gninanto	*gignāsonti	*gegnars
	Pres. subjunctive	Past subjunctive	Imperative
1st singular	*gnāsū	?	—
2nd singular	*gnāsesi	?	*gninā
3rd singular	*gnāseti	?	*gninātou
1st plural	*gnāsomosi	?	*gninamos
2nd plural	*gnāsetesi	?	*gninate
3rd plural	*gnāsonti	?	*gninontou
Passive voice
	Present	Imperfect	Future	Preterite
1st singular	*gninār	—	*gignāsūr	—
2nd singular	*gninātar	—	*gignāsetar	—
3rd singular	*gninātor	?	*gignāsetor	—
1st plural	*gninammor	—	*gignāsommor	—
2nd plural	*gninadwe	—	*gignāsedwe	—
3rd plural	*gninontor	?	*gignāsontor	—
	Pres. subjunctive	Past subjunctive	Imperative
1st singular	*gnāsūr	—	—
2nd singular	*gnāsetar	—	—
3rd singular	*gnāsetor	—	—
1st plural	*gnāsommor	—	—
2nd plural	*gnāsedwe	—	—
3rd plural	*gnāsontor	—	—

Declension of the present participle
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*gninonts	*gninonte	*gninontes
vocative	*gninonts	*gninonte	*gninontes
accusative	*gninontam	*gninonte	*gninontans
genitive	*gninantos	*?	*gninantom
dative	*gninantei	*gninantbom	*gninantbos
instrumental	*gninantī?	*gninantbim	*gninantbis
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*gninantī	*gninantī	*gninantiyās
vocative	*gninantī	*gninantī	*gninantiyās
accusative	*gninantīm	*gninantī	*gninantiyans
genitive	*gninantyās	*?	*gninantyom
dative	*gninantyāi	*gninantyābom	*gninantyābos
instrumental	*?	*gninantyābim	*gninantyābis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*gninont	*?	*gninonta
vocative	*gninont	*?	*gninonta
accusative	*gninont	*?	*gninonta
genitive	*gninantos	*?	*gninantom
dative	*gninantei	*?	*gninantbos
instrumental	*gninantī?	*?	*gninantbis

Declension of the middle participle
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*gninamnos	*gninamnou	*gninamnoi
vocative	*gninamne	*gninamnou	*gninamnoi
accusative	*gninamnom	*gninamnou	*gninamnons
genitive	*gninamnī	*gninamnous	*gninamnom
dative	*gninamnūi	*gninamnobom	*gninamnobos
instrumental	*gninamnū	*gninamnobim	*gninamnobis
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*gninamnā	*gninamnai	*gninamnās
vocative	*gninamnā	*gninamnai	*gninamnās
accusative	*gninamnam	*gninamnai	*gninamnans
genitive	*gninamnās	*gninamnous	*gninamnom
dative	*gninamnai	*gninamnābom	*gninamnābos
instrumental	*?	*gninamnābim	*gninamnābis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*gninamnom	*gninamnou	*gninamnā
vocative	*gninamnom	*gninamnou	*gninamnā
accusative	*gninamnom	*gninamnou	*gninamnā
genitive	*gninamnī	*gninamnous	*gninamnom
dative	*gninamnūi	*gninamnobom	*gninamnobos
instrumental	*gninamnū	*gninamnobim	*gninamnobis

Declension of the past participle
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*gnātos	*gnātou	*gnātoi
vocative	*gnāte	*gnātou	*gnātoi
accusative	*gnātom	*gnātou	*gnātons
genitive	*gnātī	*gnātous	*gnātom
dative	*gnātūi	*gnātobom	*gnātobos
instrumental	*gnātū	*gnātobim	*gnātobis
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*gnātā	*gnātai	*gnātās
vocative	*gnātā	*gnātai	*gnātās
accusative	*gnātam	*gnātai	*gnātans
genitive	*gnātās	*gnātous	*gnātom
dative	*gnātai	*gnātābom	*gnātābos
instrumental	*?	*gnātābim	*gnātābis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*gnātom	*gnātou	*gnātā
vocative	*gnātom	*gnātou	*gnātā
accusative	*gnātom	*gnātou	*gnātā
genitive	*gnātī	*gnātous	*gnātom
dative	*gnātūi	*gnātobom	*gnātobos
instrumental	*gnātū	*gnātobim	*gnātobis

Alternative reconstructions

*gninati^[2]

Derived terms

*ati-uɸo-gnināti^[2]
- Proto-Brythonic: *adwoɨnɨnüd
  - Middle Breton: aznauout
    - Breton: anaout, anavout, anavezout
  - Middle Cornish: aswen, aswonvos
    - Cornish: aswon
  - Welsh: adnabod, adwaen
*ati-gnināti^[2]
- Old Irish: ad·gnin
  - Irish: aithin
  - Scottish Gaelic: aithnich
  - Manx: enney

Related terms

*gnātos

Descendants

Gaulish: gniiou (1st pers. sg. pres.)
Old Irish: ·gnin

References

^ Schumacher, Stefan; Schulze-Thulin, Britta (2004), Die keltischen Primärverben: ein vergleichendes, etymologisches und morphologisches Lexikon [The Celtic Primary Verbs: A comparative, etymological and morphological lexicon] (Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft; 110) (in German), Innsbruck: Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Meid, →ISBN, page 350
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*gni-na-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 163

[1] Schumacher, Stefan; Schulze-Thulin, Britta (2004), Die keltischen Primärverben: ein vergleichendes, etymologisches und morphologisches Lexikon [The Celtic Primary Verbs: A comparative, etymological and morphological lexicon] (Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft; 110) (in German), Innsbruck: Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Meid, →ISBN, page 350

[EDPC-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*gni-na-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 163

[1]

[2]