Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/raaka

This Proto-Finnic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Finnic

Etymology 1

Borrowed from Proto-Germanic *hrawaz.

Adjective

*raaka

1. raw
2. unripe
3. crude

Inflection

Inflection of *raaka

Note: The Proto-Finnic declension system is yet to be reconstructed in detail. What is presented here is only one possibility.
		singular	plural
nominative		*raaka	*raagat
accusative		*raagan	*raagat
genitive		*raagan	*raakadën *raakoidën
partitive		*raakada	*raakoida
inessive		*raagassa *raagahna	*raagoissa *raagoihna
elative		*raagasta	*raagoista
illative		*raakahën	*raakoihën
adessive		*raagalla	*raagoilla
ablative		*raagalta	*raagoilta
allative		*raakalën *raakalëk	*raakoilën *raakoilëk
essive		*raakana	*raakoina
translative		*raagaksi	*raagoiksi
instructive		*raagan	*raagoin
comitative		*raakanëk	*raakoinëk
abessive		*raagatta	*raagoitta

Descendants

• Estonian: raag- (in compound: raagnahk)
• Finnish: raaka
  • →? Votic: raaka (“raw”) (rare, Jõgõperä)
• Ingrian: raaka
• Karelian:
  • North Karelian: roaka
  • South Karelian: ruaga
• Livonian: rǭgõ- (in compound: rǭgõmīez)
• Livvi: ruagu
• Veps: rag

Further reading

• “raag-”, in [ETY] Eesti etümoloogiasõnaraamat [Estonian Etymological Dictionary] (in Estonian) (online version), Tallinn: Eesti Keele Sihtasutus (Estonian Language Foundation), 2012
• Itkonen, Erkki, Kulonen, Ulla-Maija, editors (1992–2000), “raaka¹”, in Suomen sanojen alkuperä [The origin of Finnish words]‎^[3] (in Finnish) (online version; note: also includes other etymological sources; this source is labeled "SSA 1992–2000"), Helsinki: Institute for the Languages of Finland/Finnish Literature Society, →ISBN

Etymology 2

Borrowed from Proto-Germanic *rahō.

Noun

*raaka

1. wooden pole
2. branch (on a tree, etc.)
3. (nautical) yard (horizontal spar on the mast of a sailing ship)

Inflection

Inflection of *raaka

Note: The Proto-Finnic declension system is yet to be reconstructed in detail. What is presented here is only one possibility.
		singular	plural
nominative		*raaka	*raagat
accusative		*raagan	*raagat
genitive		*raagan	*raakadën *raakoidën
partitive		*raakada	*raakoida
inessive		*raagassa *raagahna	*raagoissa *raagoihna
elative		*raagasta	*raagoista
illative		*raakahën	*raakoihën
adessive		*raagalla	*raagoilla
ablative		*raagalta	*raagoilta
allative		*raakalën *raakalëk	*raakoilën *raakoilëk
essive		*raakana	*raakoina
translative		*raagaksi	*raagoiksi
instructive		*raagan	*raagoin
comitative		*raakanëk	*raakoinëk
abessive		*raagatta	*raagoitta

Descendants

• Estonian: raag (“(bare) twig”)
• Finnish: raaka (“yard (especially on a mast)”)
• Ingrian: raaka (“flail”)
• Karelian:
  • North Karelian: ruaka, roaka (“stick, wooden pole”)
  • South Karelian: ruaga (“stick, wooden pole”)
• ⇒ Livonian: rǭgõz (“twig, branch”)
• Livvi: ruagu (“stick, wooden pole”)
• Ludian: ruag (“fishing pole”)
• Veps: rag (“twig, wooden pole”)
• ⇒ Võro: raagõs (“twig”)
• Votic: raakõ (“branch, twig”)

Further reading

• “raag”, in [ETY] Eesti etümoloogiasõnaraamat [Estonian Etymological Dictionary] (in Estonian) (online version), Tallinn: Eesti Keele Sihtasutus (Estonian Language Foundation), 2012
• Itkonen, Erkki, Kulonen, Ulla-Maija, editors (1992–2000), “raaka²”, in Suomen sanojen alkuperä [The origin of Finnish words]‎^[4] (in Finnish) (online version; note: also includes other etymological sources; this source is labeled "SSA 1992–2000"), Helsinki: Institute for the Languages of Finland/Finnish Literature Society, →ISBN