Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/after

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From the locative form of Pre-Germanic *h₂ep(o)teros, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂epó (“away, off, from”) + *-teros.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈɑɸ.ter/
• Rhymes: -ɑɸ.ter

Adverb

*after

1. after, behind

Preposition

*after

1. after, behind [with dative]

Related terms

• *afteraz
• *afti
• *aftiri
• *aftrą
• *aftai

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *aftar, *after
  • Old English: æfter
    • Middle English: æfter, efter, after
      • Scots: efter
      • English: after
  • Old Frisian: efter, after
    • North Frisian: efter
    • Saterland Frisian: ätter
    • West Frisian: efter; after, achter
  • Old Saxon: aftar, after
    • Middle Low German: after, achter, echter
      • Low German: achter, aster
      • German Low German: achter; ächter (Münsterländisch & Paderbornisch)
  • Old Dutch: after, aftir
    • Middle Dutch: after, affter, achter, echter
      • Dutch: achter; after (dialectal)
        • Afrikaans: agter
  • Old High German: after, aftar; ahter (northern)
    • Middle High German: after; *ahter, *achter
      • German: after; After
      • Luxembourgish: uechter (“throughout”)
• Proto-Norse: ᚨᚠᛏᛖᚱ (after), ᛡᚠᚨᛏᛉ (ᴀfatʀ /⁠afᵃtr⁠/)
  • Old Norse: eptir, ept, at, ᛁᚠᛏᛁᛦ (iftiʀ), ᛁᚠᛏᛁᚱ (iftir), ᛁᛒᛏᛁᛦ (ibtiʀ), ᛅᚠᛏᛁᛦ (aftiʀ), ᚬᚠᛏᛁᛦ (ąftiʀ), ᛅᛒᛏᛁᛦ (abtiʀ)
    • Icelandic: eftir
    • Faroese: eftir
    • Norn: efter
    • Middle Norwegian: ettir, iftir, ættir
      • Norwegian Nynorsk: etter
        • → Norwegian Bokmål: etter
    • Old Jamtish: efti
      • Jamtish: ette
    • Elfdalian: etter
    • Old Swedish: æptir, æftir, ættir
      • Swedish: efter
    • Old Danish: æftær, æftir
      • Danish: efter
        • Norwegian Bokmål: efter (unofficial, riksmål)
      • Scanian: ætte
    • Old Gutnish: eptir, aktr, ebtir, efter, eftir, epter
      • Gutnish: etta, ettar, yttur (fårö)