Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/dūnā

This Proto-West Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-West Germanic

Alternative forms

• *dūn m, *dūnu f, *dūnō m

Etymology

Uncertain and disputed; possibly from Proto-Germanic *dūnaz (“accumulation, pile, heap, mound”) (whence also Old Norse dúnn (“pile, heap, assembly”)), from Proto-Germanic base *dū- (“to whisk, whip up, excite, agitate, storm, be stormy”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰewh₂- (“smoke, dust, haze”). Unlike permanent hills, sand dunes are ever-shifting due to storms and wind, and are not optimal places to build fortifications.
Alternatively, perhaps borrowed from Proto-Celtic *dūnom (“stronghold, rampart”), from the same Proto-Indo-European root above, which also developed the sense of "hill, fortified hill" in Brythonic; however phonology makes a borrowing from Brythonic untenable, as the vowel there shifted from ū to i giving Proto-Brythonic *din where Germanic still clearly has ū.

Noun

*dūnā f

1. sand dune
2. hill

Inflection

ōn-stem
	Singular
Nominative	*dūnā
Genitive	*dūnōn
	Singular	Plural
Nominative	*dūnā	*dūnōn
Accusative	*dūnōn	*dūnōn
Genitive	*dūnōn	*dūnōnō
Dative	*dūnōn	*dūnōm, *dūnum
Instrumental	*dūnōn	*dūnōm, *dūnum

Descendants

• Old English: dūn f or m
  • Middle English: dune, doun
    • English: dune, down
    • Scots: doun, down
• Old Saxon: *dūna f, *dūn m
  • Middle Low German: dûne, dunne f, don, done, donne m
    • German Low German: Düne, Düün
    • → German: Düne
    • → Swedish: dyn, dyne
    • → Norwegian: dyne
    • → Danish: dyne
• Old Dutch: dūn, dūno ?
  • Middle Dutch: dûne f or n
    • Dutch: duin f
      • Afrikaans: duin
    • → Old Frisian: dūne f, *dūn n (also possibly borrowed from Low German)
      • Saterland Frisian: Dúune, Duune f
      • West Frisian: dún n
    • → Old French: dune
      • Middle French: dune
        • French: dune
• Old High German: *tūna, dūna f