Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/naitijaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Alternative forms

• *hnaitijaną

Etymology

From earlier *hnaitijaną, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃neyd- (“to revile, insult”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /nɑi̯.ti.jɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*naitijaną

1. to abuse; mistreat
2. to revile; blaspheme; calumniate

Inflection

Conjugation of *naitijaną (weak class 1)

	active voice				passive voice
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative		indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*naitijō	*naitijaų	—		*naitijai	?
2nd singular	*naitīsi	*naitijais	*naitī		*naitijasai	*naitijaisau
3rd singular	*naitīþi	*naitijai	*naitijaþau		*naitijaþai	*naitijaiþau
1st dual	*naitijōs	*naitijaiw	—		—	—
2nd dual	*naitijaþiz	*naitijaiþiz	*naitijaþiz		—	—
1st plural	*naitijamaz	*naitijaim	—		*naitijanþai	*naitijainþau
2nd plural	*naitīþ	*naitijaiþ	*naitīþ		*naitijanþai	*naitijainþau
3rd plural	*naitijanþi	*naitijain	*naitijanþau		*naitijanþai	*naitijainþau
past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*naitidǭ	*naitidēdį̄
2nd singular	*naitidēz	*naitidēdīz
3rd singular	*naitidē	*naitidēdī
1st dual	*naitidēdū	*naitidēdīw
2nd dual	*naitidēdudiz	*naitidēdīdiz
1st plural	*naitidēdum	*naitidēdīm
2nd plural	*naitidēdud	*naitidēdīd
3rd plural	*naitidēdun	*naitidēdīn
	present	past
participles	*naitijandz	*naitidaz

Derived terms

• *ganaitijaną
• *naitīniz

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *naitijan
  • Old English: nǣtan
  • Old Saxon: *nētian
    • Middle Low German: nêten
  • Old High German: neizen, neizzen
    • Middle High German: neizen, neisen
      • German: neißen, neisen
      • →⇒ Middle Dutch: vernesen
• Old Norse: hneita (merged with the likely-unrelated *hnaitijaną)
• Gothic: *𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽 (*naitjan) in (𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽 (ganaitjan))