Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/newun

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Alternative forms

• *negun (Ingvaeonic and Istvaeonic)

Etymology

From earlier *newunt, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁néwn̥ (“nine”), with -t added through influence of *tehun (“ten”). Some descendants supposedly reconstruct a variant *negun instead. This presents an isolated case of wu undergoing dissimilatory fortition to gwu (creating the Pre-Germanic form *negwunt necessary for explaining this discrepancy). This change must've happened quite early on in history, as it underwent a regular application of Boukólos rule, showing the gwu losing the w before u, becoming gu (just like other labiovelars in this position) and also regular loss of word final unstressed Pre-Germanic t (which from the word-final consonant of the Proto-Indo-European ancestor term being d in most cases, but in this case was excresently added via influence from *tehun (“ten”) as mentioned above).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈne.wun/

Numeral

Proto-Germanic cardinal numbers

<  8	9	10  >
Cardinal : *newun     Ordinal : *newundô     Multiplier : *newunfalþaz

*newun

1. nine

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *neun
  • Old English: nigon, nigen, nigan, niogen, nygon
    • Middle English: nyne, nine, nin, niȝen, neghen, neyen, nyen, niwon, niȝhenn
      • English: nine
      • English: (Ottawa-Valley) nein
      • Scots: nine, neen, nyn, nyne
      • Yola: neen
  • Old Frisian: niugun, nigun, niogen
    • North Frisian:

      Föhr-Amrum: njüügen

      Helgoland: neägen

      Mooring and Wiedingharde: nüügen

      Sylt: niigen

    • Saterland Frisian: njuugen, njúgen
    • West Frisian: njoggen
  • Old Saxon: nigun, nigon, nigen
    • Middle Low German: negen
      • Low German: nägen
        • German Low German: negen
      • Plautdietsch: näajen
  • Old Dutch: nigun
    • Middle Dutch: nēgen
      • Dutch: negen
        • Afrikaans: nege, neë
        • Berbice Creole Dutch: negn
        • Jersey Dutch: nêxe
        • Negerhollands: negen, neegen, negon
        • Skepi Creole Dutch: negen
        • → Aukan: neigin
        • → Sranan Tongo: neigi
          • → Saramaccan: neígi, neni
      • Limburgish: nege
      • Zealandic: negen
  • Old High German: niun
    • Middle High German: niun
      • Alemannic German: nüün, nin, nine
      • Bavarian:

        Cimbrian: nòine, noüne (Luserna)

        Mòcheno: nai'n

      • German: neun
      • Luxembourgish: néng
      • Vilamovian: naojn
      • Yiddish: נײַן (nayn)
• Proto-Norse: ᚾᛁᚢ (niu)
  • Old Norse: níu, nío
    • Icelandic: níu
    • Faroese: níggju
    • Norn: ni
    • Norwegian Nynorsk: ni, nio, nie; (dialectal) niu
    • Elfdalian: niu
    • Old Swedish: nīo
      • Swedish: nio
    • Old Danish: ni
      • Danish: ni
      • Norwegian Bokmål: ni
    • Gutnish: nei, neie, näiu, neiå
• Gothic: 𐌽𐌹𐌿𐌽 (niun)
• Crimean Gothic: nyne