Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/gʷʰen-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*gʷʰen- (imperfective)^[1]^[2]^[3]

to strike, slay, kill

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *gʷʰen- (57 c, 0 e)

*gʷʰén-ti ~ *gʷʰn-énti (athematic root present)
*gʷʰén-dʰh₁e-ti (dʰh₁-present)
- Proto-Italic: *fendō (or < *gʷʰn̥dʰi (“strike!”, pr.ipv.sg.))^[4]
  - Latin: *fendō^[5] (see there for further descendants)
*gʷʰén-ye-ti (ye-present)^[6]^[5]
- >? Proto-Albanian: *gānja
  - Albanian: gjuaj (“to hunt”)^[2] (or < *h₁eyǵʰ- or *seh₂ǵ-)
- Proto-Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: ջնջեմ (ǰnǰem) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *genˀtei
  - Latvian: dzenêt
  - Lithuanian: genė́ti (“to lop, to trim”)
  - Proto-Slavic: *žę̀ti (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *kʷʰéňňō^[7]
  - >? Ancient Greek: θείνω (theínō, “to strike”) (or secondarily formed from a thematic root present)

*gʷʰe-gʷʰón-e ~ gʷʰe-gʷʰn-ḗr (reduplicated stative)

*gʷʰn̥-sḱé-ti (sḱe-present)^[2]

*gʷʰon-éye-ti (eye-causative)^[2]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gánīˀtei (see there for further descendants)

*gʷʰé-gʷʰn-e-t (reduplicated thematic aorist)^[2]
- Proto-Hellenic: *kʷʰékʷʰnon
  - Ancient Greek: ἔπεφνον (épephnon, “to slay”)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰʰágʰnat
  - Proto-Iranian: *ǰágnat
    - Avestan: 𐬥𐬌𐬘𐬀𐬖𐬥𐬆𐬧𐬙𐬈 (nijaγnəṇte, 3pl.pres.mid.ind.), 𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬘𐬀𐬖𐬥𐬀𐬝 (auuajaγnat̰, 3sg.pres.inj.)

*gʷʰén-ti-s ~ *gʷʰn̥-téy-s (“striking, beating”)

*gʷʰén-tōr ~ *gʷʰn̥-tr-és (“one who strikes, kills”)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰʰantā́ (see there for further descendants)
- ⇒ *gʷʰn̥tr-éh₂
  - Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰʰatráH
    - Proto-Iranian: *ǰaθráH (“poison”)^[8] (see there for further descendants)
- ⇒ *gʷʰn̥tr-íh₂
  - Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰʰatríH
    - Proto-Iranian: *ǰaθríH (“thorn, prickle”)^[8]

*gʷʰn̥-tó-s (“slain, killed”)

*gʷʰón-o-s

*gʷʰon-ó-s

*gʷʰon-éh₂
- Proto-Germanic: *banō (“cleared path; battlefield”) (see there for further descendants)

*gʷʰón-i ~ *gʷʰn̥-y-és
- Proto-Celtic: *gʷoni (see there for further descendants)

*gʷʰón-i-s ~ *gʷʰn̥-y-és^[9]
- Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: գան (gan), գանեմ (ganem)

*gʷʰón-ō
- Proto-Germanic: *banô (“murderer”) (see there for further descendants)

*gʷʰón-yeh₂
- Proto-Germanic: *banjō (“wound”) (see there for further descendants)

Descendants

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰʰan-
- Proto-Indo-Aryan:
  - Sanskrit: हन् (han, “to kill”, root)

References

^ Pokorny, Julius (1959), “g^u̯hen-(ə)-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 491-493
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*g^u̯ʰen-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 218-219
^ Cheung, Johnny (2007), “*ǰan”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 224-225
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “-fendō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 210-211
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 Sihler, Andrew L. (1995), New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, § 218
^ Martirosyan, Hrach (2010), “*ǰinǰ-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, page 559
^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “θείνω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 536-537
↑ ^8.0 ^8.1 Rastorgujeva, V. S.; Edelʹman, D. I. (2000–), “*jaθra-”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages] (in Russian), Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, pages 141–142
^ Martirosyan, Hrach (2010), “gan”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, page 198

[1] Pokorny, Julius (1959), “g^u̯hen-(ə)-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 491-493

[LIV-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*g^u̯ʰen-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 218-219

[3] Cheung, Johnny (2007), “*ǰan”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 224-225

[4] De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “-fendō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 210-211

[Sihler-5] 5.0 ^5.1 Sihler, Andrew L. (1995), New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, § 218

[6] Martirosyan, Hrach (2010), “*ǰinǰ-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, page 559

[7] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “θείνω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 536-537

[ESIJa-8] 8.0 ^8.1 Rastorgujeva, V. S.; Edelʹman, D. I. (2000–), “*jaθra-”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages] (in Russian), Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, pages 141–142

[9] Martirosyan, Hrach (2010), “gan”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, page 198

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