Reconstruction:Proto-Malayo-Polynesian/ka-

Proto-Malayo-Polynesian

Etymology

From Proto-Austronesian *ka-.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ka/

Prefix

*ka-

1. marker of past time in temporal expressions
2. stative marker in irrealis constructions

   Antonym: *ma-

3. extremely; superlative
4. mate, partner, cohort
5. formative for abstract nouns of quality
6. manner in which an action is carried out
7. past participle, achieved state

Descendants

• Proto-Philippine:
  • Batanic
    • Yami: ka- (“company, as ... as, abstract noun; and then, just now, only; stative verb prefix reappearing in forming transitive verbs; very (reduplicated root); animals named after certain features (reduplicated root)”)
  • Greater Central Philippine
    • Central Philippine
      • Tagalog: ka-
      • Coastal Bikol
        • Bikol Central: ka-
      • Bisayan/Visayan
        • Cebuano: ka-
• Western Indonesian
  • Greater North Borneo
    • Proto-Malayic:
      • Malayic
        • Malay: ke-
          • Indonesian: ke-
        • Minangkabau: ka-
    • Old Sundanese:
      • Sundanese: ᮊ- (ka-)
  • Madurese:
    • Kangean: ka-
  • Old Javanese: ka-
    • Javanese: k-, ꦏ- (ka-), ꦏꦼ- (ke-)
• Proto-Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian:
  • Proto-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian:
    • Proto-Oceanic:
      • Micronesian
        • Central Micronesian
          • Mokilese: ka-

Further reading

• Blust's Austronesian Comparative Dictionary – *ka-