Reconstruction:Proto-Semitic/ʕaśar-

This Proto-Semitic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Semitic

Proto-Semitic numbers ^(edit)

←  1	←  9	10	100  →	1,000  →
		1
Cardinal: *ʕaśar-

Etymology

Possibly related to Egyptian ꜥšꜣ (“to be many”).

Numeral

*ʕaśar-

1. ten

Usage notes

This number exhibited chiastic concord (gender polarity), in which masculine forms were used to agree with feminine nouns, and feminine forms with masculine nouns.

Inflection

Declension of *ʕaśar-
Case	m	f
Nominative	*ʕaśarum	*ʕaśaratum
Accusative	*ʕaśaram	*ʕaśaratam
Genitive	*ʕaśarim	*ʕaśaratim

Descendants

From *ʕaśar-um (nominative absolute)

• East Semitic:
  • Akkadian: 𒌋 f (ešerum)
• West Semitic:
  • Central Semitic:
    • Arabic: عَشْر f (ʕašr), عُشَار (ʕušār)
      • Maltese: għaxar
      • → Bengali: আসর (aśor)
    • Northwest Semitic: *ʕaśrum f
      • Aramaic:

        Old Aramaic: 𐡏𐡔𐡓 f (ʕšr /⁠ʕaśar⁠/)

        Imperial Aramaic: 𐡏𐡎𐡓 f (ʿsr /⁠ʿasar⁠/)

        • Classical Syriac: ܥܣܲܪ f (ʕsar)
        • Turoyo: ܥܣܰܪ f (csar)
        • Western Neo-Aramaic: ܐܶܥܣܰܪܐ f (ʔeʕsar)
      • Canaanite:
        • Biblical Hebrew: עֶשֶׂר f (ʿéśer)
          • Israeli Hebrew: עֶשֶׂר f (éser)
          • Samaritan Hebrew: ࠏࠔࠓ f (ʕšr /⁠ʔešer⁠/)
        • Phoenician: 𐤏𐤎𐤓 f (ʿsr)
          • Punic: 𐤏𐤔𐤓 f (ʿšr)
      • Ugaritic: 𐎓𐎌𐎗 f (ʿšr /⁠ʿašru⁠/)
    • Old South Arabian:
      • Sabaean: 𐩲𐩦𐩧𐩣 f (ʕs₂rm /⁠ʕas₂arum⁠/)
  • Ethiopian Semitic:
    • Ge'ez: ዐሥሩ f (ʿäśru)
    • Tigre: ዐስር f (ʿäsr)

From *ʕaśar-at-um (nominative absolute)

• East Semitic:
  • Akkadian: 𒌋 m (ešertum)
• West Semitic:
  • Central Semitic:
    • Arabic: عَشَرَة m (ʕašara)
      • Egyptian Arabic: عشرة (ʕašaṛa)
      • Maltese: għaxra
      • Moroccan Arabic: عشرة (ʕašra)
    • Northwest Semitic: *ʕaśaratum m
      • Aramaic:

        Old Aramaic: 𐡏𐡔𐡓𐡄 m (ʿšrh /⁠ʕaśarah⁠/)

        Imperial Aramaic: 𐡏𐡎𐡓𐡄 m (ʿsrh /⁠ʕasrā⁠/)

        • Classical Syriac: ܥܸܣܪܵܐ m (ʕesrɑ)
        • Turoyo: ܥܰܣܪܳܐ m (casro)
        • Western Neo-Aramaic: ܥܰܣܪܰܐ m (ʕasra)
      • Canaanite: *ʕaśarat
        • Biblical Hebrew: עֲשָׂרָה m (ʿăśārâ)
          • Israeli Hebrew: עֲשָׂרָה m (asará)
          • Samaritan Hebrew: ࠏࠔࠓࠄ m (ʕšrh /⁠ʔašara⁠/)
        • Phoenician: 𐤏𐤔𐤓𐤕 m (ʿšrt /⁠ʿasarat⁠/, “𐤏𐤎𐤓𐤕”)
          • Punic: 𐤏𐤔𐤓𐤕 m (ʿšrt)
      • Ugaritic: 𐎓𐎌𐎗𐎚 m (ʿšrt /⁠ʿašratu⁠/)
  • Ethiopian Semitic:
    • Ge'ez: ዐሠርቱ m (ʿäśärtu)
    • Tigrinya: ዓሰርተ m (ʿasärtä)

References

• Huehnergard, John (2019) “Proto-Semitic”, in Huehnergard, John and Na'ama Pat-El, editors, The Semitic Languages, 2nd edition, Routledge, →ISBN, page 61