Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/kopiti

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology 1

Pre-Slavic, reflecting Proto-Balto-Slavic *kа́p(je)tei, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kep-. Cognate with Lithuanian kàpti (“to chop”), Ancient Greek κόπτω (kóptō, “to beat, to hit”). Superseded by Proto-Slavic *kopati by time of Late Common Slavic.

Verb

*kopiti impf

1. Alternative form of *skopiti

Inflection

Conjugation of *kopiti, *kopi, *kopitь (impf., -i-, s-aorist, accent paradigm a)

Suffix: *-iti
― iterative (*nositi⇐*nesti)
― causative (*pojiti⇐*piti)
― ...

Verbal noun	Infinitive	Supine	L-participle
*kopľenьje	*kopiti	*kopitъ	*kopilъ

	Participles
Tense	Past	Present
Passive	*kopľenъ	*kopimъ
Active	*kopľь	*kopę

	Aorist			Present
Person	1st	2nd	3rd	1st	2nd	3rd
Singular	*kopixъ	*kopi	*kopi	*kopľǫ	*kopiši	*kopitь
Dual	*kopixově	*kopista	*kopiste	*kopivě	*kopita	*kopite
Plural	*kopixomъ	*kopiste	*kopišę	*kopimъ	*kopite	*kopętь
	Imperfect			Imperative
Person	1st	2nd	3rd	1st	2nd	3rd
Singular	*kopľaaxъ	*kopľaaše	*kopľaaše	—	*kopi	*kopi
Dual	*kopľaaxově	*kopľaašeta	*kopľaašete	*kopivě	*kopita	—
Plural	*kopľaaxomъ	*kopľaašete	*kopľaaxǫ	*kopimъ	*kopite	—

Notes:
• (*)*kopivъ is a later doublet of the past active participle

Descendants

• South Slavic:
  • ⇒ Bulgarian: копя́ (kopjá, “to castrate”) (possibly, archaic)

Further reading

• Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1984), “*kopiti (sę)”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 11 (*konьcь – *kotьna(ja)), Moscow: Nauka, page 20
• Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1984), “*kopati”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 11 (*konьcь – *kotьna(ja)), Moscow: Nauka, page 18: “*kopti... презенс на -je- ― *kopti... prezens na -je-”
• Georgiev, Vladimir I., editor (1979), “копя²”, in Български етимологичен речник [Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), volumes 2 (и – крепя̀), Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Pubg. House, page 625

Etymology 2

Denominal causative from *kopa (“pile, bulk”) +‎ *-iti, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kep- (“to grave, to strike”).

Verb

*kopiti impf

1. to stack, to pile

   Synonym: *kupiti

Inflection

Conjugation of *kopiti, *kopi, *kopitь (impf., -i-, s-aorist, accent paradigm ?)

Suffix: *-iti
― iterative (*nositi⇐*nesti)
― causative (*pojiti⇐*piti)
― ...

Verbal noun	Infinitive	Supine	L-participle
*kopľenьje	*kopiti	*kopitъ	*kopilъ

	Participles
Tense	Past	Present
Passive	*kopľenъ	*kopimъ
Active	*kopľь	*kopę

	Aorist			Present
Person	1st	2nd	3rd	1st	2nd	3rd
Singular	*kopixъ	*kopi	*kopi	*kopľǫ	*kopiši	*kopitь
Dual	*kopixově	*kopista	*kopiste	*kopivě	*kopita	*kopite
Plural	*kopixomъ	*kopiste	*kopišę	*kopimъ	*kopite	*kopętь
	Imperfect			Imperative
Person	1st	2nd	3rd	1st	2nd	3rd
Singular	*kopľaaxъ	*kopľaaše	*kopľaaše	—	*kopi	*kopi
Dual	*kopľaaxově	*kopľaašeta	*kopľaašete	*kopivě	*kopita	—
Plural	*kopľaaxomъ	*kopľaašete	*kopľaaxǫ	*kopimъ	*kopite	—

Notes:
• (*)*kopivъ is a later doublet of the past active participle

Related terms

• *čepъ (“nub, tab”) (possibly)
• *kopti, *kopati (“to dig”)
• *kopьje (“spear”)
• *kopьna (“stack”)

Descendants

• East Slavic:
  • Old East Slavic: копити (kopiti)
  • Belarusian: капі́ць (kapícʹ) (dialectal)
  • Russian: копи́ть (kopítʹ)
  • Ukrainian: копи́ти (kopýty)
• South Slavic:
  • Bulgarian: копя́ (kopjá, “to amass”) (dialectal)
  • Serbo-Croatian:

    Cyrillic script: ко̀пити

    Latin script: kòpiti

  • Slovene: kopiti (obsolete)
• West Slavic:
  • Czech: kopiti
  • Polish: kopić (dialectal)
  • Slovincian: kôpic
  • Slovak: kopiť
  • Sorbian:
    • Upper Sorbian: kopić
    • Lower Sorbian: kopiś

Further reading

• Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1984), “*kopiti (sę)”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 11 (*konьcь – *kotьna(ja)), Moscow: Nauka, page 20
• Georgiev, Vladimir I., editor (1979), “копя¹”, in Български етимологичен речник [Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), volumes 2 (и – крепя̀), Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Pubg. House, page 625
• Snoj, Marko (2016) “kopiti”, in Slovenski etimološki slovar [Slovenian Etymology Dictionary] (in Slovene), 3rd edition, https://fran.si