Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/xapati

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

Onomatopoeic. Traditionally derived from Proto-Indo-European *kʰap-, but it is nowadays reconstructed as *keh₂p- and would therefore be a separate onomatopoeia.

Morphologically, could be an intensive form of Proto-Slavic *xopiti (“to grab”) (with enlonged grade) + *-jeti.

Verb

*xāpàti impf (perfective *xapnǫti)

1. to seize, to snatch, to snap (in West, East Slavic; Slovene)
2. to bite (in South Slavic)

   Synonym: *gryzati

Inflection

Conjugation of *xapati, *xapa, *xapľetь (impf., -a/j-, s-aorist, accent paradigm b)

Verbal noun	Infinitive	Supine	L-participle
*xapanьje	*xapati	*xapatъ	*xapalъ

	Participles
Tense	Past	Present
Passive	*xapanъ	*xapľemъ
Active	*xapavъ	*xapľę

	Aorist			Present
Person	1st	2nd	3rd	1st	2nd	3rd
Singular	*xapaxъ	*xapa	*xapa	*xapľǫ	*xapľeši	*xapľetь
Dual	*xapaxově	*xapasta	*xapaste	*xapľevě	*xapľeta	*xapľete
Plural	*xapaxomъ	*xapaste	*xapašę	*xapľemъ	*xapľete	*xapľǫtь
	Imperfect			Imperative
Person	1st	2nd	3rd	1st	2nd	3rd
Singular	*xapaaxъ	*xapaaše	*xapaaše	—	*xapľi	*xapľi
Dual	*xapaaxově	*xapaašeta	*xapaašete	*xapľivě	*xapľita	—
Plural	*xapaaxomъ	*xapaašete	*xapaaxǫ	*xapľimъ	*xapľite	—

Conjugation of *xapati, *xapa, *xapajetь (impf., -a-, s-aorist, accent paradigm b)

Verbal noun	Infinitive	Supine	L-participle
*xapanьje	*xapati	*xapatъ	*xapalъ

	Participles
Tense	Past	Present
Passive	*xapanъ	*xapajemъ
Active	*xapavъ	*xapaję

	Aorist			Present
Person	1st	2nd	3rd	1st	2nd	3rd
Singular	*xapaxъ	*xapa	*xapa	*xapajǫ	*xapaješi	*xapajetь
Dual	*xapaxově	*xapasta	*xapaste	*xapajevě	*xapajeta	*xapajete
Plural	*xapaxomъ	*xapaste	*xapašę	*xapajemъ	*xapajete	*xapajǫtь
	Imperfect			Imperative
Person	1st	2nd	3rd	1st	2nd	3rd
Singular	*xapaaxъ	*xapaaše	*xapaaše	—	*xapaji	*xapaji
Dual	*xapaaxově	*xapaašeta	*xapaašete	*xapajivě	*xapajita	—
Plural	*xapaaxomъ	*xapaašete	*xapaaxǫ	*xapajimъ	*xapajite	—

Derived terms

• *jьzxapati
• *zaxapati
• *naxapati
• *oxapati
• *otъxapati
• *perxapati
• *poxapati
• *xapъka (“bite”) (in South Slavic)
• *xapъkъ (“gainful, lucrative”)

Related terms

• *xopiti (“to grasp”)
• *čapati (“to peck, to strike off”)

Descendants

• East Slavic:
  • Old East Slavic: хапати (xapati, “to seize, to bite, to sting, to trample”) (11th century; accent paradigm b)
    • Belarusian: хапа́ць (xapácʹ, “to grab”)
    • Russian: ха́пать (xápatʹ, “to seize, to grab”)
    • Ukrainian: хапа́ти (xapáty, “to seize, to steal, to grab”)
• South Slavic:
  • Old Church Slavonic:

    Old Cyrillic script: хапати (xapati, “to bite”), хапьѭще (xapĭjǫšte, “(while) biting”, nom. masc. pl. pres. act. part.)

  • Bulgarian: ха́пя (hápja, “to bite”)
  • Macedonian: апе (ape, “to bite”)
  • Serbo-Croatian:

    Cyrillic script: апати (“to bite, to sting”) (dialectal)

    Latin script: apati (“to bite, to sting”) (dialectal)

  • Slovene: hȃpati (“to snap, (reflexive) to seize”) (tonal orthography)
• West Slavic:
  • Czech: chápat (“to grasp, to understand, to seize”)
  • Polish: chapać (“to seize”)
    • → Yiddish: כאַפּן (khapn)
  • Slovak: сháраť (“to understand”)
  • Slovincian: chapac (“to seize”)
  • Sorbian:
    • Lower Sorbian: chapjaś

Further reading

• Chernykh, P. Ja. (1993) “ха́пать”, in Историко-этимологический словарь русского языка (in Russian), 3rd edition, volume 2 (панцирь – ящур), Moscow: Russian Lang., →ISBN, page 333
• Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1981), “*xapati”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков (in Russian), numbers 8 (*xa – *jьvьlga), Moscow: Nauka, page 18
• Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “ха́пать”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка (in Russian), Moscow: Progress