Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/kap-

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This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

Unknown; possibly of substrate origin, as evidenced by the a-grade,[1] or perhaps onomatopoeic, compare *gʰabʰ- (“to seize”)[2] as so-called "chiming roots".[3]

Alternative reconstructions[edit]

Root[edit]

*kap-[6][7][3]

  2. to seize, hold
Derived terms[edit]
Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *kap-
Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *keh₂p-
  • *kap-yé-ti (“to be seized, held”, ye-present)
  • *kap-eh₁yé-ti (eh₁ye-stative)[8]
    • Proto-Germanic: *habjaną (“to have, hold”) (see there for further descendants)
  • *káp-eh₂[9]
  • *kap-nó-s (“harbour”)[3]
    • Proto-Celtic: *kawnos[3]
      • Old Irish: cúan (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Germanic: *habnō (< *kapn-éh₂) (see there for further descendants)
  • *káp-no-s[10]
  • *kap-e-ló-s
    • Proto-Italic: *kapelos (“one who takes”)[11]
      • ⇒? Latin: dis-cipulus (“disciple, pupil; cadet”) (see there for further descendants)
  • *kap-tós (“seized, held”)
  • *káp-u-ko-s[1]
  • >? *kā́p-s ~ *káp-s-os
  • >? *kṓp-s ~ *kap-és

References[edit]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Schrijver, Peter (1997), “Animal, vegetable and mineral: some Western European substratum words”, in Lubotsky, A., editor, Sound Law and Analogy‎[1], Amsterdam/Atlanta, pages 293–316
  2. ^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “?*ĝʰeHb-¹”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 195
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
  4. ^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*keh₂p-¹”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 344–345
  5. ^ Dunkel, George E. (2014) Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (Indogermanische Bibliothek. 2. Reihe: Wörterbücher) (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter GmbH Heidelberg, →ISBN, page 79
  6. ^ Pokorny, Julius (1959), “kap-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 527-529
  7. ^ Mallory, J. P.; Adams, D. Q. (2006), “*kap-”, in The Oxford introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European world, Oxford University Press, page 270
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “caput, -itis”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 91
  9. ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “κάπτω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 640
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*habanō-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 196-197
  11. ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “discipulus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 172
  12. ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “κήπος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 688
  13. ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “κώπη”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 815-816

Etymology 2[edit]

Uncertain; may be the same as the verbal root in etymology 1 above, particularly if it developed figuratively from the sense “cup, bowl” as retained in Proto-Celtic *kaɸukos and perhaps Sanskrit कपाल (kapā́la).[1] Otherwise, sound-symbolic or borrowed from a substrate.[2][3]

Root[edit]

*kap-

  2. head
    Synonyms: *gʰébʰōl, *ḱérh₂sō
  3. ? bowl, cup
Alternative reconstructions[edit]
Derived terms[edit]
  • *káp-s ~ *k(a)p-és (root noun)[2]
  • *káp-ōl ~ *k(a)p-én-s?
    • ⇒? Proto-Germanic: *hinþō, *hinþǭ[5][note 2] (< *kpén-teh₂-?)
      • Old English: hion (“skull”)
      • North Frisian: hann (“lobe of the brain”)
    • ⇒? Proto-Italic: *kapn-los[6]
      • >? Latin: capillus (“hair”) (see there for further descendants)
    • ⇒ Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kapā́las (“head, skull; bowl”) (see there for further descendants)
  • *káp-ut ~ *k(a)p-wét-s (“head”)
  • *káp-wl̥ ~ *k(a)p-wén-s
    • ⇒? Proto-Germanic: *habulô
      • Proto-West Germanic: *habulō (see there for further descendants)
    • ⇒? Proto-Celtic: *kʷennom (< *kpwen-nó-m?) (see there for further descendants)
Notes[edit]
  1. ^ Or from *-capts, with analogical loss of the vowel from -caput-s (de Vaan : 91).
  2. ^ Or connected to the verb *hinþaną (“to capture”) (Orel).

References[edit]

  1. ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “caput, -itis”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 91
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Beekes, Robert S. P. (1996), “Ancient European Loanwords”, in Historische Sprachforschung, volume 109, § 2. Lat. caput etc., page 218-20 of 215–236
  3. ^ Schrijver, Peter (1997), “Animal, vegetable and mineral: some Western European substratum words”, in Lubotsky, A., editor, Sound Law and Analogy‎[2], Amsterdam/Atlanta, pages 293–316
  4. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*ha(u)beda- ~ *ha(u)buda-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 215
  5. ^ Orel, Vladimir (2003), “*xenþō(n)”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 169
  6. ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “capillus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 89: “[…] a stem *kap-n- or *kap-r-, but there are no good candidates”
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