Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/tu-

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

Verb

*tu-

1. (Common Turkic, transitive) to close, occlude

Conjugation

Conjugation of *tu- (Common Turkic)

Note: Actual conjugations can be more complex than tables below. Compound forms with the auxiliary *er- not shown.

Positive
infinitive			*tmak
participle	present		*tgan, tgma, tr
	past		*tduk, tmïš
	future		*tdačï, tmakčï, tsïk, tyačak
verbal noun			*tma, tg, tgu
way of doing			*tš
			singular			plural
			1st person	2nd person	3rd person	1st person	2nd person	3rd person
			*ben	*sen	*ol	*biz	*siz	*olar
indicative	aorist		*tr ben	*tr sen	*tr	*tr biz	*tr siz	*tr
	past	simple	*tdum	*tduŋ	*tdï	*tduk, tdumuz	*tduŋuz	*tdï
		inferential	*tmïš ben	*tmïš sen	*tmïš	*tmïš biz	*tmïš siz	*tmïš
	future	simple	*tdačï ben, tmakčï ben, tyačak ben	*tdačï sen, tmakčï sen, tyačak sen	*tdačï, tmakčï, tyačak	*tdačï biz, tmakčï biz, tyačak biz	*tdačï siz, tmakčï siz, tyačak siz	*tdačï, tmakčï, tyačak
		predictive	*tgay ben	*tgay sen	*tgay	*tgay biz	*tgay siz	*tgay
		necessitive	*tsukum	*tsukuŋ	*tsuk	*tsukumuz	*tsukuŋuz	*tsuk
conditional			*tsam, tsar ben	*tsaŋ, tsar sen	*tsa, tsar	*tsak, tsamïz, tsar biz	*tsaŋïz, tsar siz	*tsalar, tsar
optative			*tgay ben	*tgay sen	*tgay	*tgay biz	*tgay siz	*tgay
progressive			*tmakda ben	*tmakda sen	*tmakda	*tmakda biz	*tmakda siz	*tmakda
necessitative			*tmalïg ben	*tmalïg sen	*tmalïg	*tmalïg biz	*tmalïg siz	*tmalïg
imperative			*tyayïn	*t, tgïl	*tzun	*tyalïm	*tyuŋ	*tzun
Negative
infinitive			*tmamak
participle	present		*tmagan, tmagma, tmaz
	past		*tmaduk, tmamïš
	future		*tmačï, tmasïk, tmayačak
verbal noun			*tmama, tmag, tmagu
way of doing			*tmaš
			singular			plural
			1st person	2nd person	3rd person	1st person	2nd person	3rd person
			*ben	*sen	*ol	*biz	*siz	*olar
indicative	aorist		*tmaz ben	*tmaz sen	*tmaz	*tmaz biz	*tmaz siz	*tmaz
	past	simple	*tmadum	*tmaduŋ	*tmadï	*tmaduk, tmadumuz	*tmaduŋuz	*tmadï
		inferential	*tmamïš ben	*tmamïš sen	*tmamïš	*tmamïš biz	*tmamïš siz	*tmamïš
	future	simple	*tmačï ben, tmayačak ben	*tmačï sen, tmayačak sen	*tmačï, tmayačak	*tmačï biz, tmayačak biz	*tmačï siz, tmayačak siz	*tmačï, tmayačak
		predictive	*tmagay ben	*tmagay sen	*tmagay	*tmagay biz	*tmagay siz	*tmagay
		necessitive	*tmasukum	*tmasukuŋ	*tmasuk	*tmasukumuz	*tmasukuŋuz	*tmasuk
conditional			*tmasam, tmasar ben	*tmasaŋ, tmasar sen	*tmasa, tmasar	*tmasak, tmasamïz, tmasar biz	*tmasaŋïz, tmasar siz	*tmasalar, tmasar
optative			*tmagay ben	*tmagay sen	*tmagay	*tmagay biz	*tmagay siz	*tmagay
progressive			*tmamakda ben	*tmamakda sen	*tmamakda	*tmamakda biz	*tmamakda siz	*tmamakda
necessitative			*tmamalïg ben	*tmamalïg sen	*tmamalïg	*tmamalïg biz	*tmamalïg siz	*tmamalïg
imperative			*tmayayïn	*tma, tmagïl	*tmazun	*tmayalïm	*tmayïŋ	*tmazun

Derived terms

• *tu-n-
  • *tun-tur-
  • *tun-čuk-
  • *tun-gu (“deaf”)
  • *tun-uk (“deaf”)
  • *tun-čuk
• *tu-man (“fog”)
• *tu-g
• *tu-gan (“embankment”)
• *tu-ma (“weir, barrage”)

Descendants

• Common Turkic:

• Oghuz:
  • Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (tuncukmak), [script needed] (dunukmak)
    • Ottoman Turkish: [script needed] (duncukmak), [script needed] (tuncukmak), [script needed] (tunukmak), [script needed] (dulunmak/tulunmak)
      • Turkish: duncukmak, tuncumak, tuncukmak, tuncukdurmak, dulunmak (all are dialectal)
  • Salar: dumğusı
• Karluk:
  • Karakhanid: [script needed] (tumaq), [script needed] (tunmaq), [script needed] (tunturmaq)
    • Uyghur: [script needed] (tunçuk-)
• Kipchak:
  • Kipchak: [script needed] (tu-)
  • North Kipchak:
    • Tatar: [script needed] (ton-)
  • West Kipchak:
    • Karaim: [script needed] (tudjur-)
    • Kumyk: [script needed] (tunçuk-)
  • South Kipchak:
    • Caspian:
      • Kazakh: тұну (tūnu), тұнжырау (tūnjyrau), тұнық (tūnyq)
    • Kyrgyz-Kipchak:
      • Kyrgyz: тунуу (tunuu), тунаруу (tunaruu), тундуруу (tunduruu)
      • Southern Altai: тунар (tunar, “to put”), тундырар (tundïrar)
• Siberian:
  • Old Turkic: 𐱃𐰆 (t¹u)
    • Old Uyghur: [script needed] (tu-)
  • South Siberian:
    • Sayan:
      • Tuvan: [script needed] (dun-)
    • Yenisei:
      • Khakas: [script needed] (tun-)

• ⇒? Common Turkic: *tu-mak (“hat, cap”)

References

• Özertural, Z. (2002). Eski Türkçe tu- "kapamak" Eylemi Üzerine . Türkoloji Dergisi , 15 (1) , 0-0 . DOI: 10.1501/Trkol_0000000050 [2]