User:Victar/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₂lewp-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*h₂lewp-

1. to violate, injure, cause pain

Derived terms

• *h₂léwp-e-ti (thematic root present)
  • Proto-Hellenic: *loupō
    • Latin: *lupō, lapit (“to cause pain or grief”) (unrounding?)

• *h₂lup-yé-ti (zero-grade yé-present)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hlupyáti
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hlupyáti
      • Sanskrit: रुप्यति (rupyati, “to violate, disturb; to suffer violenlent pain”)

• *h₂lowp-éye-ti (éye-causative)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hlawpáyati
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hlawpáyati
      • Sanskrit: लोपयते (lopayate)

• *h₂léwp-o-s
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hláwpas
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hláwpas
      • Sanskrit: लोप (lopa, “injury, destruction”)

• *h₂lówp-i-s ~ *h₂wl̥p-éy-s
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hláwpiš (“fox”)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hwr̥píš
    • Proto-Iranian: *Hwr̥píš
      • Younger Avestan: [script needed] (urᵘpi), [script needed] m (urᵘpōiš, “weasel”, gen.sg.)
      • Ishkashimi: [script needed] (urvesok)
      • Middle Persian: [script needed] (gwlbkʼ /⁠gurbag⁠/, “cat”)
        • Classical Persian: گربه (gurba)
          • Persian: گربه (ɡorbe)
          • Tajik: гурба (gurba)
  • Proto-Italic: *wolpis m (“fox”)
  • *h₂wl̥pi-néh₂
    • Proto-Anatolian:
      • Luwian: [script needed] (ulipna-), [script needed] (walipna-)
    • Proto-Albanian: *dzelpinā, *welpinā
  • *h₂wl̥pi-ú-s
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: [Term?] (“wild cat”)
      • Lithuanian: vilpišỹs, vil̃pišys, vilpìšius

• *h₂léwp-u-s ~ *h₂lup-éw-s
  • (perhaps) Proto-Italic: *lupus
    • Latin: lupus (“wolf”)

• *h₂lup-tó-s
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hluptás
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hluptás
      • Sanskrit: लुप्त (lupta, “injured, violated, destroyed”)

• *h₂lṓp-s ~ *h₂lep-és
  • *h₂lóp-s ~ *h₂lép-s ~ *h₂lóps-m̥
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *lopsē (“fox”)
      • Latgalian: lopsa
      • Latvian: lapsa
      • Lithuanian: lãpė
      • Old Prussian: lape
      • Sudovian: laps

*h₂lewp-eh₁-

• *h₂léwpeh₁-s ~ *h₂lupeh₁-és (“fox”)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HlawpáHs
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HlawpáHkas
      • Sanskrit: लोपाक (lopāka)
    • Proto-Nuristani: *HlawpáHkyas
  • *h₂lewpéh₁-ḱo-s (“fox-like”)
    • *h₂lowpéh₁ḱ-ó-s
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HlawpaHĉás (“jackal, fox”) (see there for further descendants)
  • *h₂lópeh₁-r̥ ~ *h₂lépeh₁-n̥s
    • *h₂lópeh₁r-no-s
      • Proto-Celtic: *lofērnos (“fox”) (see there for further descendants)
  • *h₂lṓpeh₁-s ~ *h₂lópeh₁-s
    • Proto-Armenian:
      • Old Armenian: աղուէս (ałuēs), աղուվէս (ałuvēs, “fox”)
  • *h₂lupéh₁-ḱo-s (“fox-like”)
    • *h₂lṓpéh₁ḱ-s ~ h₂lepeh₁ḱ-és
      • Proto-Hellenic: *alṓpēks ~ *alṓpekos
        • Ancient Greek: ᾰ̓λώπηξ (alṓpēx), ᾰ̓λώπεκος (alṓpekos, gen.sg.)

Unsorted formations

• *lúp-eh₂
  • Proto-Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: λύπη (lúpē, “pain, grief”)