User:Victar/Wiktionary:About Proto-Indo-Iranian
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Noun declension[edit]
masculine a-stems[edit]
| PIE | PII | Sanskrit | PIR | Old Avestan | Old Persian | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Example | *wĺ̥kʷos (“wolf”) | *wŕ̥kas | vṛ́kaḥ | *wŕ̥kah | və́hrkə̄ | várkaʰ | |
| Singular | Nominative | *-ó-s | *-ás[1][2][3][4] | -áḥ | *-áh[3] | -ə̄́ | -áʰ |
| Vocative | *-e | *-a[1][2] | -a | *-a | -ā | -ā | |
| Accusative | *-ó-m | *-ám[1][2] | -ám | *-ám[3] | -ə̄́m | -ám | |
| Instrumental | *-ó-(e)h₁ > *-ṓ | *-ā́[1][2] | -ena | *-ā́ | -ā́ | ā́ | |
| Ablative | *-ó-ot > *-ṓt *-ó-(H)ed > *-ṓd |
*-ā́t[1][2][3] | -ā́t | *-ā́t | -ā́t̰ | ||
| Dative | *-ó-ey > *-ṓy | *-ā́y[1][2][4], *-ā́ya[1][2] | -ā́ya | *-áy[3], -ā́y | -ā́i(ā) | -áh(ạ)yā, -áhya | |
| Genitive | *-ó-syo | *-ásya[1][2][4] | -ásya | *-áhya[4][3] | -áhiyā | ||
| Locative | *-ó-y | *-áy[1][2][4] | -é | *-áy[4][3] | -ṓi, -ⁱē | -áiy, -áyā | |
| Dual | Nominative | *-ó-h₁ > *-ṓ | *-ā́[2][4] | -au | *-ā́ | -ā́ | -ā́ |
| Vocative | |||||||
| Accusative | |||||||
| Instrumental | *-ó-bʰ(y)oh₁ *-ó-h₁-(bʰ)oh₁ |
*-áybʰyā[4], *-ā́bʰyām[2] |
-ā́bhyām | *-áybyā[4] | -ṓibiiā | -áibiyā | |
| Ablative | |||||||
| Dative | |||||||
| Genitive | *-ó-y-h₁oh₁s *-ó-h₁s |
*-áyHās | -áyoḥ | *-áyHāh | -áiiā̊ | -áiyāʰ | |
| Locative | *-ó-y-h₁u *-ó-w |
*-áyHaw | *-áyah | -áiiō, -ṓiiō | |||
| Plural | Nominative | *-ó-es > *-ṓs | *-ā́s[1][2][4] | -ā́ḥ | *-ā́(hah)[3] | -ā́, -ā̊ŋhō | -ā́(haʰ) |
| Vocative | -ā | ||||||
| Accusative | *-ṓ-ms *-ó-ns |
*-ā́ns[1][4][3] | -ā́n | *-áŋh[3] | -ə̄́ṇg | ||
| Instrumental | *-óy-is > *-ṓys *-ó-eys > *-ṓys |
*-ā́yš[1][2] | -áiḥ | *-ā́yš[4] | -ā́iš | -aibiš | |
| Ablative | *-óy-os *-ó-bʰos |
*-áybʰyas[1][2] | -ébhyaḥ | *-áybyah | -áēⁱbiiō, -ṓibiiō | ||
| Dative | |||||||
| Genitive | *-ó-(oH)om > *-ṓm | *-ā́nām[1][2] | -ā́nām | *-ā́nām[4] | -ánąm | -ā́nām | |
| Locative | *-ó-ysu, *-óy-su | *-áyšu[1][2] | -éṣu | *-áyšu[4] | -áēšū, -áēšuua | -áišuvā | |
aH-stems[edit]
| PIE | PII | Sanskrit | PIR | Old Avestan | Old Persian | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Example | *sth₂uh₂néh₂ (“pilar”) | *stʰuHnáH | स्थूणा (sthūṇā́) | *stuHnáH | 𐬯𐬙𐬏𐬥𐬁 (stūnā) | 𐎿𐎬𐎢𐎴𐎠 (stūnā́) | |
| Singular | Nominative | *-éh₂ | *-áH | -ā́ | *-áH | -ā́ | -ā́ |
| Vocative | *-a | *-ay[1] | -e | *-ay[3] | -ā, -ē | -ā | |
| Accusative | *-éh₂m > *-ā́m | *-ā́m[1] | -ā́m | *-ā́m | -ąm | -ā́m | |
| Instrumental | *-éh₂(e)h₁ | *-áyaH | -áyā | *-áH, *-áyaH | -ā́, -áiiā | -ā́yā | |
| Ablative | *-éh₂s | *-áyaHs | -áyāḥ | *-áyaHh | -áiiå | -ā́yāʰ | |
| Dative | *-éh₂ey | *-áyaHy | -ā́yai | *-ā́yaHy | -áiiāi | ||
| Genitive | *-éh₂s | *-áyaHs | -áyāḥ | *-áyaHh[3] | -áiiå | -ā́yāʰ | |
| Locative | *-éh₂(i) | *-áyaHm | -ā́yām | *-áyaH[3] | -áiia | -ā́yā | |
| Dual | Nominative | *-éh₂h₁(e) | *-áy[1] | -é | *-áy | -ḗ | *-aiy |
| Vocative | |||||||
| Accusative | |||||||
| Instrumental | *? | *-aHbʰyā(m) | -ābhyām | *-aHbyā | -ābiia | -ābiyā | |
| Ablative | |||||||
| Dative | |||||||
| Genitive | *? | *-āyaws, *-āyās | -ayoḥ | *-āyāh[3] | -aiiå | -āiiāʰ | |
| Locative | -aiiō, -oiiō | ||||||
| Plural | Nominative | *-éh₂es > *-ā́s | *-ā́s | -ā́ḥ | *-ā́h, *-ā́š[3] | -å, -ås° | -ā́ |
| Vocative | |||||||
| Accusative | *-éh₂ns > ā́s | ||||||
| Instrumental | *-éh₂bʰi | *-áHbʰiš | -ā́bhiḥ | *-áHbiš | -ā́bīš | -ā́biš | |
| Ablative | *-éh₂mos | *-áHbʰyas | -ā́bhyaḥ | -ā́biiō | |||
| Dative | |||||||
| Genitive | *-éh₂oHom > *-éh₂ṓm | *-aHnā́m | -ānā́m | *-aHnā́m | -anąm | -ānām | |
| Locative | *-éh₂su | *-áHsu, *-áHšu | -ā́su | *-áHhu(waH), *-áHšu(waH) | -ā́hū | -ā́šuvā, -ā́ʰuvā | |
neuter a-stems[edit]
| PIE | PII | Sanskrit | PIR | Old Avestan | Old Persian | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Example | *kʷekʷlóm (“wheel”) | *čakrám | चक्रम् (cakrám) | *čaxrám | 𐬗𐬀𐬑𐬭𐬆𐬨 (caxrə́m) | *čaxrám | |
| Singular | Nominative | *-óm | *-ám | -ám | *-ám | -ə́m | -ám |
| Vocative | |||||||
| Accusative | |||||||
| Instrumental | *-óh₁ > *-ṓ | *-ā́ | -ena | *-ā́ | -ā́ | -ā́ | |
| Ablative | *-óed > *-ṓd | *-ā́t | -ā́t | *-ā́t | -ā́t̰ | ||
| Dative | *-óey > *-ṓy | *-ā́y | -ā́ya | *-ái, -ā́i | -ā́i(ā) | -áh(ạ)yā, -áhya | |
| Genitive | *-ósyo | *-ásya | -ásya | *-áhya | -áhiyā | ||
| Locative | *-éy | *-ái | -é | *-áy, *-ái | -ṓi, -ⁱē | -áiy, -áyā | |
| Dual | Nominative | *-óy(h₁) | *-áy | -e | *-áy | -áy | -áy |
| Vocative | |||||||
| Accusative | |||||||
| Instrumental | *-ōybʰōm? | *-āybʰyām? | -ābhyām | *-aybyā | -ōibiiā | -aibiyā | |
| Ablative | |||||||
| Dative | |||||||
| Genitive | *-oyows? | *-ayaws, *-ayās | -ayoḥ | *-ayāh | -aiiā̊ | -āiyāʰ | |
| Locative | *-ayah | -aiiō, -ōiiō | |||||
| Plural | Nominative | *-éh₂ | *-áH | -āni | *-áH | -ā́ | -ā́ |
| Vocative | |||||||
| Accusative | |||||||
| Instrumental | *-ṓys | *-ā́yš | -áiḥ | *-ā́yš | -ā́iš | -aibiš | |
| Ablative | *-óymos | *-áybʰyas | -ébhyaḥ | *-áybyah | -áēⁱbiiō, -ṓibiiō | ||
| Dative | |||||||
| Genitive | *-óoHom > *-ṓm | *-ānā́m | -ānā́m | *-ānā́m | -anąm | -ānā́m | |
| Locative | *-óysu | *-áyšu | -éṣu | *-áyšu(waH) | -áēšū, -áēšuua | -áišuvā | |
masculine i-stems[edit]
| PIE | PII | Sanskrit | PIR | Old Avestan | Old Persian | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Example | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | |
| Singular | Nominative | *-is | *-iš | -íḥ | *-iš | -iš | -iš |
| Vocative | *-i | *-e | -é | -ē | |||
| Accusative | *-im | *-im | -ím | *-im | -īm | -im | |
| Instrumental | *-íh₁ | *-íH | -ínā | *-íH | -ī́ | ||
| Ablative | *-éys | *-áyš | -éḥ | *-áyš | -ṓiš | -áiš | |
| Dative | *-éyey | *-áyay | -áye | *-áyay | -ṓiiōi, -iiaēᵒ | ||
| Genitive | *-éys | *-áyš | -éḥ | *-áyš | -ṓiš | -áiš | |
| Locative | *-éy > *-ḗ | *-ā́(w) | -āú | *-ā́ | YAv. -a | ||
| Dual | Nominative | *-ih₁(e) | *-iH | -ī́ | *-íH | -ī, -īᵒ | -īy |
| Vocative | |||||||
| Accusative | |||||||
| Instrumental | *-ibʰyām | -íbhyām | *-ibyām | -ibiia | |||
| Ablative | |||||||
| Dative | |||||||
| Genitive | *-yawš | -yóḥ | |||||
| Locative | |||||||
| Plural | Nominative | *-eyes | *-ayas | -áyaḥ | *-ayah | -aiiō | -aiias° |
| Vocative | |||||||
| Accusative | *-in̥s > *-īn, -īs | *-īn, -īš | -ī́n | *-īš | -īš | ||
| Instrumental | *-íbʰis | *-íbʰiš | -íbhiḥ | *-íbiš | |||
| Ablative | *-imos | *-ibʰyas | -íbhyaḥ | *-ibyah | |||
| Dative | |||||||
| Genitive | *-éyoHom > *-éyōm | *-áyām | -īnā́m | ||||
| Locative | *-ísu | *-íšu | -íṣu | *-íšu | |||
feminine i-stems[edit]
| PIE | PII | Sanskrit | PIR | Old Avestan | Old Persian | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Example | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | |
| Singular | Nominative | *-is | *-iš | -iḥ | -iš | ||
| Vocative | *-i | *-e | -e | ||||
| Accusative | *-im | *-im | -im | *-im | -im | ||
| Instrumental | -yā | -iš(tiyā) | |||||
| Ablative | *-eys | *-ayš, *-yaš | -eḥ, -yāḥ | *-yāh | -iyāʰ | ||
| Dative | *-éyey | *-ayay | -aye, yāi | ||||
| Genitive | *-eys | *-ayš | -eḥ, -yāḥ | *-ayš | -aiš | ||
| Locative | *-éy > *-ḗ | *-āw, *-yā | -āu, -yām | *-yā | -yā, -iyā | ||
| Dual | Nominative | *-ih₁(e) | *-iH | -ī | |||
| Vocative | |||||||
| Accusative | |||||||
| Instrumental | *-ibʰyām | -ibhyām | |||||
| Ablative | |||||||
| Dative | |||||||
| Genitive | *-yawš | -yoḥ | |||||
| Locative | |||||||
| Plural | Nominative | *-eyes | *-ayas | -ayaḥ | |||
| Vocative | |||||||
| Accusative | *-in̥s > ī́s | *-ī́š | -īḥ | ||||
| Instrumental | *-ibʰis | *-ibʰiš | -ibhiḥ | ||||
| Ablative | *-imós | *-ibʰyas | -ibhyaḥ | ||||
| Dative | |||||||
| Genitive | *-éyoHom > *-éyōm | *-áyām | -īnām | ||||
| Locative | *-isu | *-išu | -iṣu | ||||
feminine iH-stems[edit]
| PIE | PII | Sanskrit | PIR | Old Avestan | Old Persian | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Example | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | |
| Singular | Nominative | *-ih₂ | *-iH | -ī | |||
| Vocative | *-i | *-i | -i | ||||
| Accusative | *-ih₂m̥ | *-iHm | -īm | ||||
| Instrumental | *-yéh₂h₁ | *-yaH | -yā | ||||
| Ablative | *-yéh₂s | *-yaHs | -yāḥ | ||||
| Dative | *-yéh₂ey | *-yáHay | -yai | ||||
| Genitive | *-yéh₂s | *-yáHs | -yāḥ | ||||
| Locative | *-yéh₂, *-yéh₂i | *-yáHm | -yām | ||||
| Dual | Nominative | *-ya | -yau | ||||
| Vocative | |||||||
| Accusative | |||||||
| Instrumental | *-iHbʰyām | -ībhyām | |||||
| Ablative | |||||||
| Dative | |||||||
| Genitive | *-yawš | -yoḥ | |||||
| Locative | |||||||
| Plural | Nominative | *-ih₂es | *-iHas | -yaḥ | |||
| Vocative | |||||||
| Accusative | *-ih₂n̥s > ī́s | *-ī́š | -īḥ | ||||
| Instrumental | *-ih₂bʰís | *-iHbʰíš | -ībhiḥ | ||||
| Ablative | *-ih₂mós | *-iHbʰás | -ībhyaḥ | ||||
| Dative | |||||||
| Genitive | *-ih₂óHom > ih₂ṓm | *-iHā́m | -īnām | ||||
| Locative | *-ih₂sú | *-iHsú | -īṣu | ||||
masculine u-stems[edit]
| PIE | PII | Sanskrit | PIR | Old Avestan | Old Persian | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Example | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | |
| Singular | Nominative | *-us | *-uš | -uḥ | *-uš | *-uš | *-uš |
| Vocative | *-u | -o | *-wah, *-yah | -uuō, -iiō | -u | ||
| Accusative | *-um | *-um | -um | *-um | -ūm | -um | |
| Instrumental | *-úh₁ | *-úH | -uṇā | *-úH | -ū | -auš, -auv | |
| Ablative | *-éws | *-áwš | -oḥ | *-áwš | -ə̄uš, -aoš | ||
| Dative | *-éwey | *-áway | -ave | *-áway | -auuē, -uiiē | -auš | |
| Genitive | *-éws | *-áwš | -oḥ | *-áwš | -ə̄uš, -aoš | ||
| Locative | *-éw(i) | *-ā́w | -āu | *-ā́w | -ao, -ā | -auv, -āvā | |
| Dual | Nominative | *-uh₁(e) | *-uH | -ū | *-uH | -iiū | -ūv |
| Vocative | |||||||
| Accusative | |||||||
| Instrumental | *-ubʰyām | -ubhyām | *-ubyām | -iiā | -ūbiyā | ||
| Ablative | |||||||
| Dative | |||||||
| Genitive | *-was | -voḥ | *-(i)waw | -iuuå, -uuå | -ūvā | ||
| Locative | *-wah | -uuō | |||||
| Plural | Nominative | *-ewes | *-awas | -avaḥ | *-wah | -uuō | -uvaʰ |
| Vocative | |||||||
| Accusative | *-uns > *-ūn, *-ūs | *-ūn, *-ūš | -ūn | *-ūn, *-ūš | -ūš | -ūn | |
| Instrumental | *-úbʰis | *-úbʰiš | -ubhiḥ | *-úbiš | -uuiš | -ūbiš | |
| Ablative | *-úmos | *-úbʰyas | -ubhyas | ||||
| Dative | |||||||
| Genitive | *-éwoHom > *-éwōm | *-ūnām | -ūṇām | *-ūnām | -ūnām | ||
| Locative | *-úsu | *-úšu | -uṣu | *-úšu, *-úšwā | -ušuvā | ||
r-stems[edit]
| PIE | PII | Sanskrit | PIR | Old Avestan[3] | Old Persian[3][4] | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Example | *ph₂tḗr (“father”) | *pHtā́[4] | पिता (pitā́) | *pHtā́ | 𐬞𐬙𐬁 (p(i/a)ta) | 𐎱𐎡𐎫𐎠 (pitā) | |
| Singular | Nominative | *-érs > *-ḗr | *-ā́ | -ā́ | *-ā́ | -ā́ | -ā́ |
| Vocative | *-ér | *-ár | -ár | *-ár | -árᵊ | -ár | |
| Accusative | *-érm̥ | *-áram | -áram | *-ā́ram | -ā́rᵊm, -rə̄m | -ā́ram | |
| Instrumental | *-réh₁ | *-ráH | -rā́ | *-ráH | -rā́ | -rā́ | |
| Ablative | *-rés | *-ŕ̥š | -úr | *-ŕ̥š, *-ŕ̥t | -ə́rᵊt̰ | -raʰ | |
| Dative | *-réy | *-ráy | -ré | *-ráy | -rōi, rē | ||
| Genitive | *-rés | *-ŕ̥š[4] | -úr | *-ŕ̥š | *-ráš, *-árš[4] | ||
| Locative | *-ér(i) | *-ári | -ári | *-ári | |||
| Dual | Nominative | *-érh₁e | -*árHa | -árau | -*árHa | -ára | |
| Vocative | |||||||
| Accusative | |||||||
| Instrumental | *? | *-ŕ̥bʰyām | -ṛ́bhyām | *-ŕ̥byām | -árᵊbiia | ||
| Ablative | |||||||
| Dative | |||||||
| Genitive | *? | *-ráws | -róḥ | *-ráwh | -aráo | ||
| Locative | |||||||
| Plural | Nominative | *-éres | *-áras | -áraḥ | *-árah | -árō | |
| Vocative | -ā | ||||||
| Accusative | *-érn̥s | *-ŕ̥nš | -ṝn | *-ŕ̥nš[4] | -ə́rąš, -ə́rə̄š | ||
| Instrumental | *-r̥bʰí | *-ŕ̥bʰiš | -ṛ́bhiḥ | *-ŕ̥biš | |||
| Ablative | *-r̥mós | *-ŕ̥bʰyas | -ṛ́bhyaḥ | *-ŕ̥byah | -árᵊbiiō, -ə́ruiiō | ||
| Dative | |||||||
| Genitive | *-róHom > *-rṓm | *-rā́m | -ṝṇā́m | *-rā́m | -rąm | ||
| Locative | *-r̥sú | *-r̥šú | -ṛ́ṣu | *-r̥šú | |||
- ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 Kümmel, Martin Joachim (2017) Einfuhrung ins Altiranische [Introduction to Old Iranian] (in German)
- ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15 Goto, Toshifumi (2013) Old Indo-Aryan Morphology and its Indo-Iranian Background
- ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14 3.15 3.16 Skjærvø, Prods Oktor (2007) “Avestan and Old Persian Morphology”, in Morphologies of Asia and Africa, pages 853-940
- ↑ 4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 4.14 4.15 4.16 4.17 4.18 Martínez García, Javier, de Vaan, Michiel (2014) Introduction to Avestan (Brill Introductions to Indo-European Languages; 1)[1], Brill, →ISBN