चक्र

Hindi

Etymology

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit चक्र (cakra). Doublet of चक्कर (cakkar) and चरख़ा (carxā).

Pronunciation

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(Standard Hindi) IPA^(key): /t͡ʃək.ɾᵊ/, [t͡ʃɐk.ɾᵊ]

Noun

चक्र • (cakra) m (Urdu spelling چکر)

circle, ring
wheel
cycle; sequence, progression
जल चक्र ― jal cakra ― water cycle
(historical) chakram (an old Indian coin from Travancore)

Declension

Declension of *चक्र* (masc cons-stem)
	singular	plural
direct	चक्र cakra	चक्र cakra
oblique	चक्र cakra	चक्रों cakrõ
vocative	चक्र cakra	चक्रो cakro

Synonyms

चक्कर (cakkar) (less formal)

Derived terms

References

Bahri, Hardev (1989), “चक्र”, in Siksarthi Hindi-Angrejhi Sabdakosa [Learners' Hindi-English Dictionary], Delhi: Rajpal & Sons.
Caturvedi, Mahendra; Bhola Nath Tiwari (1970), “चक्र”, in A practical Hindi-English dictionary, Delhi: National Publishing House
“चक्र”, in Collins Gem Hindi-English Dictionary, Collins, 2011, →ISBN
Dāsa, Śyāmasundara (1965–1975), “चक्र”, in Hindī Śabdasāgara [lit. “Sea of Hindi words”] (in Hindi), Kashi [Varanasi]: Nagari Pracarini Sabha
McGregor, Ronald Stuart (1993), “चक्र”, in The Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary, London: Oxford University Press
Platts, John T. (1884), “चक्र”, in A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English, London: W. H. Allen & Co.

Marathi

Etymology

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit चक्र (cakra). First attested as Old Marathi 𑘓𑘎𑘿𑘨 (cakra). Doublet of चाक (cāk).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /t͡ɕək.ɾə/

Noun

चक्र • (cakra) n^[1]^[2]^[3]

circle
Synonyms: वर्तुळ (vartuḷ), गोल (gol)
wheel
Synonym: चाक (cāk)
cycle;
जीवनाचे चक्र सतत फिरत असते.
jīvnāce cakra satat phirat aste.
The cycle of life keeps turning.
whirl, vortex
Synonym: भोवरा (bhovrā)
(Ayurveda) chakra

Declension

Declension of *चक्र* (neut cons-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	चक्र cakra	चक्रे, चक्रं cakrae, cakra
oblique	चक्रा¹ cakrā¹	चक्रां- cakrā̃-
acc. / dative	चक्राला cakrālā	चक्रांना cakrā̃nā
ergative	चक्राने, चक्रानं cakrāne, cakrāna	चक्रांनी cakrā̃nī
instrumental	चक्राशी cakrāśī	चक्रांशी cakrā̃śī
locative	चक्रात cakrāt	चक्रांत cakrā̃ta
vocative	चक्रा cakrā	चक्रांनो cakrā̃no

¹The oblique case precedes all postpositions. There is no space between the stem and the postposition.

Genitive declension of *चक्र* (neut cons-stem)
	masculine object		feminine object		neuter object		oblique
	singular	plural	singular	plural	singular	plural	oblique
singular subject	चक्राचा cakrāċā	चक्राचे cakrāċe	चक्राची cakrācī	चक्राच्या cakrācā	चक्राचे, चक्राचं cakrāċe, cakrāċa	चक्राची cakrācī	चक्राच्या¹ cakrācā¹
plural subject	चक्रांचा cakrā̃ċā	चक्रांचे cakrā̃ċe	चक्रांची cakrā̃cī	चक्रांच्या cakrā̃cā	चक्रांचे, चक्रांचं cakrā̃ċe, cakrā̃ċa	चक्रांची cakrā̃cī	चक्रांच्या¹ cakrā̃cā¹

¹For most postpostions, the oblique genitive can be optionally inserted between the stem and the postposition.

References

More information

^ Berntsen, Maxine (1982–1983), “चक्र”, in A Basic Marathi-English Dictionary, New Delhi: American Institute of Indian Studies
^ Molesworth, James Thomas (1857), “चक्र”, in A dictionary, Marathi and English, Bombay: Printed for government at the Bombay Education Society's Press
^ दाते, यशवंत रामकृष्ण [Date, Yashwant Ramkrishna] (1932-1950), “चक्र”, in महाराष्ट्र शब्दकोश (mahārāṣṭra śabdakoś) (in Marathi), पुणे [Pune]: महाराष्ट्र कोशमंडळ (mahārāṣṭra kośmaṇḍaḷ)

Sanskrit

Alternative scripts

চক্ৰ (Assamese script)
ᬘᬓ᭄ᬭ (Balinese script)
চক্র (Bengali script)
𑰓𑰎𑰿𑰨 (Bhaiksuki script)
𑀘𑀓𑁆𑀭 (Brahmi script)
စကြ (Burmese script)
ચક્ર (Gujarati script)
ਚਕ੍ਰ (Gurmukhi script)
𑌚𑌕𑍍𑌰 (Grantha script)
ꦕꦏꦿ (Javanese script)
𑂒𑂍𑂹𑂩 (Kaithi script)
ಚಕ್ರ (Kannada script)
ចក្រ (Khmer script)
ຈກ຺ຣ (Lao script)
ചക്ര (Malayalam script)
ᢜᠠᡬᡵᠠ (Manchu script)
𑘓𑘎𑘿𑘨 (Modi script)
ᢋᠠᢉᠷᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
𑦳𑦮𑧠𑧈 (Nandinagari script)
𑐔𑐎𑑂𑐬 (Newa script)
ଚକ୍ର (Odia script)
ꢗꢒ꣄ꢬ (Saurashtra script)
𑆖𑆑𑇀𑆫 (Sharada script)
𑖓𑖎𑖿𑖨 (Siddham script)
චක්‍ර (Sinhalese script)
𑩡𑩜 𑪙𑩼 (Soyombo script)
𑚏𑚊𑚶𑚤 (Takri script)
சக்ர (Tamil script)
చక్ర (Telugu script)
จกฺร (Thai script)
ཙ་ཀྲ (Tibetan script)
𑒔𑒏𑓂𑒩 (Tirhuta script)
𑨣𑨋𑩇𑨫 (Zanabazar Square script)

Pronunciation

(Vedic) IPA^(key): /t͡ɕɐk.ɾɐ́/
(Classical Sanskrit) IPA^(key): /t͡ɕɐk.ɾɐ/

Etymology 1

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *čakrám (“wheel”), from Proto-Indo-European *kʷékʷlos (“wheel”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬗𐬀𐬑𐬭𐬀 (caxra, “wheel”), Persian (čarx), Ancient Greek κύκλος (kúklos), Old English hwēol (whence English wheel).

Noun

च॒क्र • (cakrá) stem, n or m

a wheel (of a chariot or a potter's wheel)
- c. 1500 BCE – 1000 BCE, Ṛgveda 10.10.7:
  य॒मस्य॑ मा य॒म्यं१॒॑ काम॒ आग॑न्त् समा॒ने योनौ॑ सह॒शेय्या॑य ।
  जा॒येव॒ पत्ये॑ त॒न्वं॑ रिरिच्यां॒ वि चि॑द् वृहेव॒ रथ्ये॑व च॒क्रा ॥
  yamásya mā yamyàṃ kā́ma ā́gant samāné yónau sahaśéyyāya.
  jāyéva pátye tanvàṃ riricyāṃ ví cid vṛheva ráthyeva cakrā́.
  I, Yami, am possessed by love of Yama, that I may rest on the same couch beside him.
  I as a wife would yield me to my husband. Like wheels of a chariot let us speed to meet each other.
a discus or sharp circular missile weapon, especially that of Vishnu
(Puranic) a circle
an astronomical circle, the zodiac
a cycle, cycle of years or of seasons
a circle or depression of the body (for mystical or chiromantic purposes; 6 in number, one above the other), the fontenelle or union of the coronal and sagittal sutures
(prosody) name of a poetic metre
a troop, multitude

Declension

Neuter a-stem declension of च॒क्र
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	च॒क्रम् (cakrám)	च॒क्रे (cakré)	च॒क्राणि॑ (cakrā́ṇi) च॒क्रा¹ (cakrā́¹)
accusative	च॒क्रम् (cakrám)	च॒क्रे (cakré)	च॒क्राणि॑ (cakrā́ṇi) च॒क्रा¹ (cakrā́¹)
instrumental	च॒क्रेण॑ (cakréṇa)	च॒क्राभ्या॑म् (cakrā́bhyām)	च॒क्रैः (cakráiḥ) च॒क्रेभिः॑¹ (cakrébhiḥ¹)
dative	च॒क्राय॑ (cakrā́ya)	च॒क्राभ्या॑म् (cakrā́bhyām)	च॒क्रेभ्यः॑ (cakrébhyaḥ)
ablative	च॒क्रात् (cakrā́t)	च॒क्राभ्या॑म् (cakrā́bhyām)	च॒क्रेभ्यः॑ (cakrébhyaḥ)
genitive	च॒क्रस्य॑ (cakrásya)	च॒क्रयोः॑ (cakráyoḥ)	च॒क्राणा॑म् (cakrā́ṇām)
locative	च॒क्रे (cakré)	च॒क्रयोः॑ (cakráyoḥ)	च॒क्रेषु॑ (cakréṣu)
vocative	चक्र॑ (cákra)	चक्रे॑ (cákre)	चक्रा॑णि (cákrāṇi) चक्रा॑¹ (cákrā¹)

¹Vedic

Masculine a-stem declension of च॒क्र
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	च॒क्रः (cakráḥ)	च॒क्रौ (cakráu) च॒क्रा¹ (cakrā́¹)	च॒क्राः (cakrā́ḥ) च॒क्रासः॑¹ (cakrā́saḥ¹)
accusative	च॒क्रम् (cakrám)	च॒क्रौ (cakráu) च॒क्रा¹ (cakrā́¹)	च॒क्रान् (cakrā́n)
instrumental	च॒क्रेण॑ (cakréṇa)	च॒क्राभ्या॑म् (cakrā́bhyām)	च॒क्रैः (cakráiḥ) च॒क्रेभिः॑¹ (cakrébhiḥ¹)
dative	च॒क्राय॑ (cakrā́ya)	च॒क्राभ्या॑म् (cakrā́bhyām)	च॒क्रेभ्यः॑ (cakrébhyaḥ)
ablative	च॒क्रात् (cakrā́t)	च॒क्राभ्या॑म् (cakrā́bhyām)	च॒क्रेभ्यः॑ (cakrébhyaḥ)
genitive	च॒क्रस्य॑ (cakrásya)	च॒क्रयोः॑ (cakráyoḥ)	च॒क्राणा॑म् (cakrā́ṇām)
locative	च॒क्रे (cakré)	च॒क्रयोः॑ (cakráyoḥ)	च॒क्रेषु॑ (cakréṣu)
vocative	चक्र॑ (cákra)	चक्रौ॑ (cákrau) चक्रा॑¹ (cákrā¹)	चक्राः॑ (cákrāḥ) चक्रा॑सः¹ (cákrāsaḥ¹)

¹Vedic

Derived terms

गणचक्र (gaṇacakra)

Descendants

Prakrit: 𑀘𑀓𑁆𑀓 (cakka)
- Eastern Indo-Aryan:
  - Bengali-Assamese:
    - Assamese: চাক (sak), চকা (soka), চাকি (saki)
    - Bengali: চাকা (caka)
    - Sylheti: ꠌꠣꠇꠣ (saxa)
  - Odia: ଚକ (caka)
- Northern Indo-Aryan:
  - Punjabi: ਚੱਕਰ (cakkar, “circle, rotation”), ਚੱਕਾ (cakkā, “wheel, rim”)
- Southern Indo-Aryan:
  - Konkani: cāk
    Devanagari script: चाक
    Kannada script: ಚಾಕ್
    Latin script: chaak
  - Old Marathi: cāka
    Devanagari script: चाक
    Modi script: 𑘓𑘰𑘎
    - Marathi: चाक (cāk)
- → Santali: ᱪᱚᱠ (côk)
Pali: cakka
- → Burmese: စက် (cak)
  - → Shan: ၸၢၵ်ႈ (tsāak)
  - → Jingpho: jak
  - → S'gaw Karen: စဲး (seḧ)
  - → Western Kayah: ꤡꤢꤧ (cae)
  - → Zaiwa: svdiq
- → Lao: ຈັກ (chak), ຈັກກະ (chak ka)
→ Bengali: চক্র (cokro)
→ English: chakra, chakram
→ Finnish: chakra
→ Gujarati: ચક્ર (cakra)
→ Hindi: चक्र (cakra), चक्कर (cakkar)
→ Kannada: ಚಕ್ರ (cakra)
→ Malay: cakera, cakra (چاکرا)
→ Malayalam: ചക്രം (cakraṁ)
→ Marathi: चक्र (cakra)
→ Norwegian:
- Norwegian Bokmål: chakra
- Norwegian Nynorsk: chakra
→ Japanese: チャクラ (chakura)
→ Old Javanese: cakra
- Javanese: ꦕꦏꦿ (cakra)
- → Balinese: ᬘᬓ᭄ᬭ (cakra)
→ Old Tamil: 𑀘𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀭𑀫𑁆 (cakkaram)
- Tamil: சக்கரம் (cakkaram, “wheel”), சக்கிரம் (cakkiram)
→ Portuguese: chacra
→ Sogdian: (/⁠čakkar ~ čaxr⁠/)
Old Sogdian script: 𐼕𐼋𐼋𐼘 (ckkr)

Sogdian script: 𐼿𐼸𐼸𐽀 (ckkr)

Syriac script: ܨܮܪ (čaxr /⁠⁠cγr⁠/) (maybe influenced by Iranian's original)
- → Iranian Persian: چکره (čakre, “chakra”)
- → Tocharian B: cākkär
  - → Old Uyghur: 𐽽𐽰𐽷𐽶𐽾 (čakir)
→ Spanish: chakra
→ Sylheti: ꠌꠇ꠆ꠇꠞ (sokkor)
→ Tagalog: sakla
→ Telugu: చక్రము (cakramu)
→ Thai: จักร (jàk)

References

Monier Williams (1899), “चक्र”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 380, column 3.
Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992), “cakrá-”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[1] (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, pages 521-522
Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985), “cakrá”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press, page 246

Etymology 2

Verb

च॒क्र • (cakrá)

second-person plural active of चकार (cakā́ra)

[1] Berntsen, Maxine (1982–1983), “चक्र”, in A Basic Marathi-English Dictionary, New Delhi: American Institute of Indian Studies

[2] Molesworth, James Thomas (1857), “चक्र”, in A dictionary, Marathi and English, Bombay: Printed for government at the Bombay Education Society's Press

[3] दाते, यशवंत रामकृष्ण [Date, Yashwant Ramkrishna] (1932-1950), “चक्र”, in महाराष्ट्र शब्दकोश (mahārāṣṭra śabdakoś) (in Marathi), पुणे [Pune]: महाराष्ट्र कोशमंडळ (mahārāṣṭra kośmaṇḍaḷ)

[1]

[2]

[3]

Hindi

Etymology

Pronunciation

Noun

Declension

Synonyms

Derived terms

References

Marathi

Etymology

Pronunciation

Noun

Declension

References

Further reading

Sanskrit

Alternative scripts

Pronunciation

Etymology 1

Noun

Declension

Derived terms

Descendants

References

Etymology 2

Verb