circumsto

Latin

Etymology

From circum- +‎ stō.

Pronunciation

• (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): /kirˈkum.stoː/, [kɪrˈkũːs̠t̪oː]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /t͡ʃirˈkum.sto/, [t͡ʃirˈkumst̪o]

Verb

circumstō (present infinitive circumstāre, perfect active circumstetī); first conjugation, no supine stem

1. to stand around, to surround or encircle, to occupy, to take possession of
2. (figuratively) to encompass, to beset, to occupy, to take, to take possession of, to overcome
   • 29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 2.559–560:

     “At mē tum prīmum saevus circumstetit horror / Obstipuī….”

     “But then, [for] the first [time], savage horror overcame me: I was astounded….”
     (Aeneas is literally surrounded by death and destruction and figuratively begins to feel overwhelmed by concerns for the fate of his own family.)

Conjugation

Conjugation of circumstō (first conjugation, no supine stem)
indicative		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
active	present	circumstō	circumstās	circumstat	circumstāmus	circumstātis	circumstant
	imperfect	circumstābam	circumstābās	circumstābat	circumstābāmus	circumstābātis	circumstābant
	future	circumstābō	circumstābis	circumstābit	circumstābimus	circumstābitis	circumstābunt
	perfect	circumstetī	circumstetistī	circumstetit	circumstetimus	circumstetistis	circumstetērunt, circumstetēre
	pluperfect	circumsteteram	circumsteterās	circumsteterat	circumsteterāmus	circumsteterātis	circumsteterant
	future perfect	circumsteterō	circumsteteris	circumsteterit	circumsteterimus	circumsteteritis	circumsteterint
passive	present	circumstor	circumstāris, circumstāre	circumstātur	circumstāmur	circumstāminī	circumstantur
	imperfect	circumstābar	circumstābāris, circumstābāre	circumstābātur	circumstābāmur	circumstābāminī	circumstābantur
	future	circumstābor	circumstāberis, circumstābere	circumstābitur	circumstābimur	circumstābiminī	circumstābuntur
subjunctive		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
active	present	circumstem	circumstēs	circumstet	circumstēmus	circumstētis	circumstent
	imperfect	circumstārem	circumstārēs	circumstāret	circumstārēmus	circumstārētis	circumstārent
	perfect	circumsteterim	circumsteterīs	circumsteterit	circumsteterīmus	circumsteterītis	circumsteterint
	pluperfect	circumstetissem	circumstetissēs	circumstetisset	circumstetissēmus	circumstetissētis	circumstetissent
passive	present	circumster	circumstēris, circumstēre	circumstētur	circumstēmur	circumstēminī	circumstentur
	imperfect	circumstārer	circumstārēris, circumstārēre	circumstārētur	circumstārēmur	circumstārēminī	circumstārentur
imperative		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
active	present	—	circumstā	—	—	circumstāte	—
	future	—	circumstātō	circumstātō	—	circumstātōte	circumstantō
passive	present	—	circumstāre	—	—	circumstāminī	—
	future	—	circumstātor	circumstātor	—	—	circumstantor
non-finite forms		active			passive
		present	perfect	future	present	perfect	future
infinitives		circumstāre	circumstetisse	—	circumstārī	—	—
participles		circumstāns	—	—	—	—	circumstandus
verbal nouns		gerund				supine
		genitive	dative	accusative	ablative	accusative	ablative
		circumstandī	circumstandō	circumstandum	circumstandō	—	—

References

• “circumsto”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “circumsto”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
• circumsto in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.