confiner
English
Etymology
Noun
confiner (plural confiners)
- One who, or that which, limits or restrains.
- 1794, Jonathan Scott (translator), Ferishta’s History of Dekkan from the First Mahummedan Conquests, Shrewsbury, Volume I, p. 311,[1]
- […] as he attended him through the streets, the common people, and even women, uttered loud exclamations of abuse against him, calling him the murderer of syeds, and confiner of Chaund Sultana.
- 1816, Barbara Hofland, The Affectionate Brothers, London: A.K. Newman, Volume 2, Chapter 2, pp. 40-41,[2]
- […] I hope to gain a friend in you, and that will surely repay, a thousand times, the exertions I have at length happily made to terminate your captivity, which has, I know, been continued, rather from the obstinacy and idleness of your confiners, than any remaining malice against your country, or suspicions of yourself.
- 1876, C. Henri Leonard, A Manual of Bandaging Adapted for Self-Instruction, Detroit: Daily Post, Chapter 11, p. 122,[3]
- The narrow adhesive strips […] are then applied spirally about the leg, as confiners.
- 2016, “Last Chance for Animals’ Investigation Leads to Animal Cruelty Charges for Marineland Canada,” Press Release dated 4 December, 2016,[4]
- The undercover investigation exposed inadequate treatment, housing, and care of marine mammals at Marineland, the world’s largest confiner of beluga whales.
- 1794, Jonathan Scott (translator), Ferishta’s History of Dekkan from the First Mahummedan Conquests, Shrewsbury, Volume I, p. 311,[1]
- (obsolete) A person who lives on the confines, boundary or edge; a neighbour.
- 1599, Samuel Daniel, The Civil Wars of England, Book 1, Stanza 18, in Poeticall Essayes, London: Simon Waterson, p. 4,[5]
- So did the worldes proud Mistres Rome at first
- Striue with a hard beginning, warr’d with need;
- Forcing her strong Confiners to the worst,
- And in her bloud her greatnes first did breed:
- 1624, Henry Wotton (editor), The Elements of Architecture, collected by Henry Wotton Knight, from the Best Authors and Examples, London, Part 2, p. 88,[6]
- […] though Gladnesse, and Griefe, be opposites in Nature; yet they are such Neighbours and Confiners in Arte, that the least touch of a Pensill, will translate a Crying, into a Laughing Face […]
- 1629, Thomas Hobbes (translator), Eight Bookes of the Peloponnesian Warre written by Thucydides the Sonne of Olorus, London: Henry Seile, Book 3, p. 197,[7]
- For being Confiners on the Aetolians, and vsing the same manner of arming, it was thought it would bee a matter of great vtility in the Warre, to haue them in their Armie; for that they knew their manner of fight, and were acquainted with the Country.
- 1683, Thomas Browne, Certain Miscellany Tracts, London: Charles Mearn, Tract 12, p. 187,[8]
- […] he would soon endeavour to have Ports upon that Sea, as not wanting Materials for Shipping. And […] may be a terrour unto the confiners on that Sea, and to Nations which now conceive themselves safe from such an Enemy.
- 1697, Thomas d’Urfey, The Intrigues of Versailles, London: F. Saunders et al., Act IV, Scene 2, p. ,[9]
- […] darkness is naturally a confiner of fancy; and my Muse has taught me just as people do Starlings: I sing always best when I’ve least light […]
- 1599, Samuel Daniel, The Civil Wars of England, Book 1, Stanza 18, in Poeticall Essayes, London: Simon Waterson, p. 4,[5]
- (obsolete) A person who lives within the confines; an inhabitant.
- c. 1609 William Shakespeare, Cymbeline, Act IV, Scene 2,[10]
- The senate hath stirr’d up the confiners
- And gentlemen of Italy, most willing spirits,
- That promise noble service […]
- c. 1609 William Shakespeare, Cymbeline, Act IV, Scene 2,[10]
- (obsolete) A prisoner incarcerated for a set term.
- 1819, Joseph John Gurney, Notes on a Visit Made to Some of the Prisons in Scotland and the North of England in Company with Elizabeth Fry, London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme & Brown, p. 64,[11]
- Lancaster Castle […] contains two classes of prisoners; first, the untried, and those sentenced to death or transportation; and secondly, confiners,—persons sent hither for terms of imprisonment and labour.
- 1819, Joseph John Gurney, Notes on a Visit Made to Some of the Prisons in Scotland and the North of England in Company with Elizabeth Fry, London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme & Brown, p. 64,[11]
French
Verb
confiner
- to confine (to have a common boundary)
Conjugation
Conjugation of confiner (see also Appendix:French verbs)
infinitive | simple | confiner | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
compound | avoir + past participle | ||||||
present participle or gerund1 | simple | confinant /kɔ̃.fi.nɑ̃/ | |||||
compound | ayant + past participle | ||||||
past participle | confiné /kɔ̃.fi.ne/ | ||||||
singular | plural | ||||||
first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
indicative | je (j’) | tu | il, elle, on | nous | vous | ils, elles | |
(simple tenses) |
present | confine /kɔ̃.fin/ |
confines /kɔ̃.fin/ |
confine /kɔ̃.fin/ |
confinons /kɔ̃.fi.nɔ̃/ |
confinez /kɔ̃.fi.ne/ |
confinent /kɔ̃.fin/ |
imperfect | confinais /kɔ̃.fi.nɛ/ |
confinais /kɔ̃.fi.nɛ/ |
confinait /kɔ̃.fi.nɛ/ |
confinions /kɔ̃.fi.njɔ̃/ |
confiniez /kɔ̃.fi.nje/ |
confinaient /kɔ̃.fi.nɛ/ | |
past historic2 | confinai /kɔ̃.fi.ne/ |
confinas /kɔ̃.fi.na/ |
confina /kɔ̃.fi.na/ |
confinâmes /kɔ̃.fi.nam/ |
confinâtes /kɔ̃.fi.nat/ |
confinèrent /kɔ̃.fi.nɛʁ/ | |
future | confinerai /kɔ̃.fin.ʁe/ |
confineras /kɔ̃.fin.ʁa/ |
confinera /kɔ̃.fin.ʁa/ |
confinerons /kɔ̃.fin.ʁɔ̃/ |
confinerez /kɔ̃.fin.ʁe/ |
confineront /kɔ̃.fin.ʁɔ̃/ | |
conditional | confinerais /kɔ̃.fin.ʁɛ/ |
confinerais /kɔ̃.fin.ʁɛ/ |
confinerait /kɔ̃.fin.ʁɛ/ |
confinerions /kɔ̃.fi.nə.ʁjɔ̃/ |
confineriez /kɔ̃.fi.nə.ʁje/ |
confineraient /kɔ̃.fin.ʁɛ/ | |
(compound tenses) |
present perfect | present indicative of avoir + past participle | |||||
pluperfect | imperfect indicative of avoir + past participle | ||||||
past anterior2 | past historic of avoir + past participle | ||||||
future perfect | future of avoir + past participle | ||||||
conditional perfect | conditional of avoir + past participle | ||||||
subjunctive | que je (j’) | que tu | qu’il, qu’elle | que nous | que vous | qu’ils, qu’elles | |
(simple tenses) |
present | confine /kɔ̃.fin/ |
confines /kɔ̃.fin/ |
confine /kɔ̃.fin/ |
confinions /kɔ̃.fi.njɔ̃/ |
confiniez /kɔ̃.fi.nje/ |
confinent /kɔ̃.fin/ |
imperfect2 | confinasse /kɔ̃.fi.nas/ |
confinasses /kɔ̃.fi.nas/ |
confinât /kɔ̃.fi.na/ |
confinassions /kɔ̃.fi.na.sjɔ̃/ |
confinassiez /kɔ̃.fi.na.sje/ |
confinassent /kɔ̃.fi.nas/ | |
(compound tenses) |
past | present subjunctive of avoir + past participle | |||||
pluperfect2 | imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle | ||||||
imperative | – | – | – | ||||
simple | — | confine /kɔ̃.fin/ |
— | confinons /kɔ̃.fi.nɔ̃/ |
confinez /kɔ̃.fi.ne/ |
— | |
compound | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | |
1 The French gerund is usable only with the preposition en. | |||||||
2 In less formal writing or speech, these tenses may be found to have been replaced in the following way:
(Christopher Kendris [1995], Master the Basics: French, pp. 77, 78, 79, 81). |
Further reading
- “confiner”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.