gruger
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French[edit]
Etymology[edit]
Pronunciation[edit]
Verb[edit]
gruger
- (colloquial) to dupe, con; to rob
- (colloquial) to devour, scoff
Conjugation[edit]
This is a regular -er verb, but the stem is written gruge- before endings that begin with -a- or -o- (to indicate that the -g- is a "soft" /ʒ/ and not a "hard" /ɡ/). This spelling-change occurs in all verbs in -ger, such as neiger and manger.
Conjugation of gruger (see also Appendix:French verbs)
| infinitive | simple | gruger | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| compound | avoir + past participle | ||||||
| present participle or gerund1 | simple | grugeant /ɡʁy.ʒɑ̃/ | |||||
| compound | ayant + past participle | ||||||
| past participle | grugé /ɡʁy.ʒe/ | ||||||
| singular | plural | ||||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| indicative | je (j’) | tu | il, elle, on | nous | vous | ils, elles | |
| (simple tenses) |
present | gruge /ɡʁyʒ/ |
gruges /ɡʁyʒ/ |
gruge /ɡʁyʒ/ |
grugeons /ɡʁy.ʒɔ̃/ |
grugez /ɡʁy.ʒe/ |
grugent /ɡʁyʒ/ |
| imperfect | grugeais /ɡʁy.ʒɛ/ |
grugeais /ɡʁy.ʒɛ/ |
grugeait /ɡʁy.ʒɛ/ |
grugions /ɡʁy.ʒjɔ̃/ |
grugiez /ɡʁy.ʒje/ |
grugeaient /ɡʁy.ʒɛ/ | |
| past historic2 | grugeai /ɡʁy.ʒe/ |
grugeas /ɡʁy.ʒa/ |
grugea /ɡʁy.ʒa/ |
grugeâmes /ɡʁy.ʒam/ |
grugeâtes /ɡʁy.ʒat/ |
grugèrent /ɡʁy.ʒɛʁ/ | |
| future | grugerai /ɡʁyʒ.ʁe/ |
grugeras /ɡʁyʒ.ʁa/ |
grugera /ɡʁyʒ.ʁa/ |
grugerons /ɡʁyʒ.ʁɔ̃/ |
grugerez /ɡʁyʒ.ʁe/ |
grugeront /ɡʁyʒ.ʁɔ̃/ | |
| conditional | grugerais /ɡʁyʒ.ʁɛ/ |
grugerais /ɡʁyʒ.ʁɛ/ |
grugerait /ɡʁyʒ.ʁɛ/ |
grugerions /ɡʁy.ʒə.ʁjɔ̃/ |
grugeriez /ɡʁy.ʒə.ʁje/ |
grugeraient /ɡʁyʒ.ʁɛ/ | |
| (compound tenses) |
present perfect | present indicative of avoir + past participle | |||||
| pluperfect | imperfect indicative of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| past anterior2 | past historic of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| future perfect | future of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| conditional perfect | conditional of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| subjunctive | que je (j’) | que tu | qu’il, qu’elle | que nous | que vous | qu’ils, qu’elles | |
| (simple tenses) |
present | gruge /ɡʁyʒ/ |
gruges /ɡʁyʒ/ |
gruge /ɡʁyʒ/ |
grugions /ɡʁy.ʒjɔ̃/ |
grugiez /ɡʁy.ʒje/ |
grugent /ɡʁyʒ/ |
| imperfect2 | grugeasse /ɡʁy.ʒas/ |
grugeasses /ɡʁy.ʒas/ |
grugeât /ɡʁy.ʒa/ |
grugeassions /ɡʁy.ʒa.sjɔ̃/ |
grugeassiez /ɡʁy.ʒa.sje/ |
grugeassent /ɡʁy.ʒas/ | |
| (compound tenses) |
past | present subjunctive of avoir + past participle | |||||
| pluperfect2 | imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| imperative | – | – | – | ||||
| simple | — | gruge /ɡʁyʒ/ |
— | grugeons /ɡʁy.ʒɔ̃/ |
grugez /ɡʁy.ʒe/ |
— | |
| compound | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | |
| 1 The French gerund is usable only with the preposition en. | |||||||
2 In less formal writing or speech, these tenses may be found to have been replaced in the following way:
(Christopher Kendris [1995], Master the Basics: French, pp. 77, 78, 79, 81). | |||||||
Further reading[edit]
- “gruger”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.