gwrando
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Welsh[edit]
Etymology[edit]
From gwar- (“super-”) + andaw (“listen”),[1] either from (or equivalent to) an- (“intensive prefix”) + taw (“silence”)[2] or by metathesis from Middle Welsh *adnaw (“attend to”)[3] cognate with Latin navus (“active, busy”).
Pronunciation[edit]
- (North Wales) IPA(key): /ˈɡwrandɔ/
- (South Wales, standard, colloquial) IPA(key): /ˈɡwrandɔ/
- (South Wales, colloquial) IPA(key): /ˈɡrandɔ/, /ˈɡrɪndɔ/
Verb[edit]
gwrando (first-person singular present gwrandawaf)
- to listen
- Dw i’n gwrando ar y radio.
- I’m listening to the radio.
Conjugation[edit]
Conjugation (literary)
| singular | plural | impersonal | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | first | second | third | |||
| present indicative/future | gwrandawaf | gwarandewi | gwrendy | gwrandawn | gwarandewch | gwrandawant | gwarandewir | |
| imperfect (indicative/subjunctive)/conditional | gwrandawn | gwrandawit | gwrandawai | gwrandawem | gwrandawech | gwrandawent | gwarandewid | |
| preterite | gwarandewais | gwarandewaist | gwrandawodd | gwrandawsom | gwrandawsoch | gwrandawsant | gwrandawyd | |
| pluperfect | gwrandawswn | gwrandawsit | gwrandawsai | gwrandawsem | gwrandawsech | gwrandawsent | gwrandawsid, gwarandewsid | |
| present subjunctive | gwrandawyf | gwarandewych | gwrandawo | gwrandawom | gwrandawoch | gwrandawont | gwrandawer | |
| imperative | — | gwrando | gwrandawed | gwrandawn | gwarandewch | gwrandawent | gwrandawer | |
| verbal noun | gwrando | |||||||
| verbal adjectives | gwrandawedig gwrandawadwy | |||||||
Conjugation (colloquial)
| Inflected colloquial forms | singular | plural | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | first | second | third | |
| future | gwrandawa i, gwrandawaf i | gwrandawi di | gwrandawith o/e/hi, gwrandawiff e/hi | gwrandawn ni | gwrandewch chi | gwrandawan nhw |
| conditional | gwrandawn i, gwrandawswn i | gwrandawet ti, gwrandawset ti | gwrandawai fo/fe/hi, gwrandawsai fo/fe/hi | gwrandawen ni, gwrandawsen ni | gwrandawech chi, gwrandawsech chi | gwrandawen nhw, gwrandawsen nhw |
| preterite | gwrandawais i, gwrandawes i | gwrandawaist ti, gwrandawest ti | gwrandawodd o/e/hi | gwrandawon ni | gwrandawoch chi | gwrandawon nhw |
| imperative | — | gwranda | — | — | gwrandewch | — |
| Note: All other forms are periphrastic, as usual in colloquial Welsh. | ||||||
Conjugation (colloquial)
| Inflected colloquial forms | singular | plural | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | first | second | third | |
| future | gwranda i, gwrandaf i | gwrandi di | gwrandith o/e/hi, gwrandiff e/hi | gwrandwn ni | gwrandwch chi | gwrandan nhw |
| conditional | gwrandwn i, gwrandswn i | gwrandet ti, gwrandset ti | gwrandai fo/fe/hi, gwrandsai fo/fe/hi | gwranden ni, gwrandsen ni | gwrandech chi, gwrandsech chi | gwranden nhw, gwrandsen nhw |
| preterite | gwrandais i, gwrandes i | gwrandaist ti, gwrandest ti | gwrandodd o/e/hi | gwrandon ni | gwrandoch chi | gwrandon nhw |
| imperative | — | gwranda | — | — | gwrandwch | — |
| Note: All other forms are periphrastic, as usual in colloquial Welsh. | ||||||
Mutation[edit]
| Welsh mutation | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| radical | soft | nasal | aspirate |
| gwrando | wrando | ngwrando | unchanged |
| Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs. | |||
References[edit]
- ^ R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present) , “gwrando”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies
- ^ R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present) , “andaw”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies
- ^ Morris Jones, John (1913) A Welsh Grammar, Historical and Comparative, Oxford: Clarendon Press, § 76 iii 1