ikara

Kikuyu

FWOTD – 28 May 2020

Etymology 1

From Proto-Bantu *ìkádà.

Hinde (1904) records makarra as an equivalent of English charcoal in “Jogowini dialect” of Kikuyu, listing also Kamba makaa and Swahili makaa ya miti as its equivalent.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ìkàɾáꜜ/

As for Tonal Class, Benson (1964) classifies this term into Class 3 with a disyllabic stem, together with kĩhaato, mbembe, kiugo, and so on.

• (Kiambu) Yukawa (1981, 1985) classifies this term into a group including rũrĩmĩ, maguta, mũrume, mbũri, itimũ, mũthia, mũiko, riũa, ndinoho, mbembe, kĩhaato, kĩheeo, ũhoro (pl. mohoro), rĩĩhia, rĩũmba, and so on.

Noun

ikara class 5 (plural makara)

1. (chiefly in plural) charcoal

Etymology 2

From Proto-Bantu *-jìkada, extensive form of *-jìka.

Verb

ikara (infinitive gũikara)

1. to sit
2. to stay, to remain
3. to dwell

Derived terms

(Nouns)

• mũikari class 1
• njikarĩro class 9/10

See also

• (to dwell): gũtũũra

Rwanda-Rundi

Etymology

From Proto-Bantu *ìkádà.

Noun

ikára class 5 (plural amakára class 6)

1. charcoal

Tooro

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Bantu *-jìkada.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ikâɾa/

Verb

-ikara (infinitive okwikara)

1. (intransitive) to stay, to remain
2. (intransitive) to wait, to delay
3. (transitive) to live at, to inhabit

Conjugation

Conjugation of -ikara

infinitives affirmative okwikara negative okutaikara imperatives affirmative ikara negative (see second-person negative subjunctive forms) tense polarity basic forms relative forms1 present habitual affirmative subject concord + -ikara person noun class singular plural first person nyikara twikara second person oikara mwikara third person 1/2 aikara baikara 3/4 gwikara ikara 5/6 liikara gaikara 7/8 kiikara biikara 9/10 ikara ziikara 11/10 rwikara 12/14 kaikara bwikara 13 — twikara 14/6 bwikara gaikara 15/6 kwikara 16 haikara — negative ti- + subject concord + -ikara person noun class singular plural first person tinyikara titwikara second person toikara timwikara third person 1/2 taikara tibaikara 3/4 tigwikara tiikara 5/6 tiriikara tigaikara 7/8 tikiikara tibiikara 9/10 tiikara tiziikara 11/10 tirwikara 12/14 tikaikara tibwikara 13 — titwikara 14/6 tibwikara tigaikara 15/6 tikwikara 16 tihaikara — subject concord + -taikara present continuous affirmative ni- + subject concord + -ikara person noun class singular plural first person ninyikara nitwikara second person noikara nimwikara third person 1/2 naikara nibaikara 3/4 nigwikara niikara 5/6 niriikara nigaikara 7/8 nikiikara nibiikara 9/10 niikara niziikara 11/10 nirwikara 12/14 nikaikara nibwikara 13 — nitwikara 14/6 nibwikara nigaikara 15/6 nikwikara 16 nihaikara — subject concord + -rukwikara negative ti- + subject concord + -rukwikara person noun class singular plural first person tindukwikara titurukwikara second person torukwikara timurukwikara third person 1/2 tarukwikara tibarukwikara 3/4 tigurukwikara terukwikara 5/6 tirirukwikara tigarukwikara 7/8 tikirukwikara tibirukwikara 9/10 terukwikara tizirukwikara 11/10 tirurukwikara 12/14 tikarukwikara tiburukwikara 13 — titurukwikara 14/6 tiburukwikara tigarukwikara 15/6 tikurukwikara 16 tiharukwikara — subject concord + -tarukwikara present continuative affirmative ni- + subject concord + -kyaikara person noun class singular plural first person ninkyaikara nitukyaikara second person nookyaikara nimukyaikara third person 1/2 naakyaikara nibakyaikara 3/4 nigukyaikara neekyaikara 5/6 nirikyaikara nigakyaikara 7/8 nikikyaikara nibikyaikara 9/10 neekyaikara nizikyaikara 11/10 nirukyaikara 12/14 nikakyaikara nibukyaikara 13 — nitukyaikara 14/6 nibukyaikara nigakyaikara 15/6 nikukyaikara 16 nihakyaikara — subject concord + -rukukyaikara negative ti- + subject concord + -kyaikara person noun class singular plural first person tinkyaikara titukyaikara second person tokyaikara timukyaikara third person 1/2 takyaikara tibakyaikara 3/4 tigukyaikara tekyaikara 5/6 tirikyaikara tigakyaikara 7/8 tikikyaikara tibikyaikara 9/10 tekyaikara tizikyaikara 11/10 tirukyaikara 12/14 tikakyaikara tibukyaikara 13 — titukyaikara 14/6 tibukyaikara tigakyaikara 15/6 tikukyaikara 16 tihakyaikara — subject concord + -takyaikara virtual present affirmative subject concord + -aikara person noun class singular plural first person naikara twaikara second person waikara mwaikara third person 1/2 yaikara baikara 3/4 gwaikara yaikara 5/6 lyaikara gaikara 7/8 kyaikara byaikara 9/10 yaikara zaikara 11/10 rwaikara 12/14 kaikara bwaikara 13 — twaikara 14/6 bwaikara gaikara 15/6 kwaikara 16 haikara — negative ti- + subject concord + aikara person noun class singular plural first person tinaikara titwaikara second person tiwaikara timwaikara third person 1/2 tiyaikara tibaikara 3/4 tigwaikara tiyaikara 5/6 tiryaikara tigaikara 7/8 tikyaikara tibyaikara 9/10 tiyaikara tizaikara 11/10 tirwaikara 12/14 tikaikara tibwaikara 13 — titwaikara 14/6 tibwaikara tigaikara 15/6 tikwaikara 16 tihaikara — subject concord + -taikara present perfect affirmative subject concord + -ikaire person noun class singular plural first person nyikaire twikaire second person oikaire mwikaire third person 1/2 aikaire baikaire 3/4 gwikaire ikaire 5/6 liikaire gaikaire 7/8 kiikaire biikaire 9/10 ikaire ziikaire 11/10 rwikaire 12/14 kaikaire bwikaire 13 — twikaire 14/6 bwikaire gaikaire 15/6 kwikaire 16 haikaire — negative ti- + subject concord + -ikaire person noun class singular plural first person tinyikaire titwikaire second person toikaire timwikaire third person 1/2 taikaire tibaikaire 3/4 tigwikaire tiikaire 5/6 tiriikaire tigaikaire 7/8 tikiikaire tibiikaire 9/10 tiikaire tiziikaire 11/10 tirwikaire 12/14 tikaikaire tibwikaire 13 — titwikaire 14/6 tibwikaire tigaikaire 15/6 tikwikaire 16 tihaikaire — subject concord + -taikaire near perfective affirmative subject concord + -akaikara person noun class singular plural first person nakaikara twakaikara second person wakaikara mwakaikara third person 1/2 yakaikara baakaikara 3/4 gwakaikara yakaikara 5/6 lyakaikara gaakaikara 7/8 kyakaikara byakaikara 9/10 yakaikara zaakaikara 11/10 rwakaikara 12/14 kaakaikara bwakaikara 13 — twakaikara 14/6 bwakaikara gaakaikara 15/6 kwakaikara 16 haakaikara — negative ti- + subject concord + -kaikaire person noun class singular plural first person tinkaikaire titukaikaire second person tokaikaire timukaikaire third person 1/2 takaikaire tibakaikaire 3/4 tigukaikaire tekaikaire 5/6 tirikaikaire tigakaikaire 7/8 tikikaikaire tibikaikaire 9/10 tekaikaire tizikaikaire 11/10 tirukaikaire 12/14 tikakaikaire tibukaikaire 13 — titukaikaire 14/6 tibukaikaire tigakaikaire 15/6 tikukaikaire 16 tihakaikaire — subject concord + -takaikaire near past affirmative subject concord + -ikairege person noun class singular plural first person nyikairege twikairege second person oikairege mwikairege third person 1/2 aikairege baikairege 3/4 gwikairege ikairege 5/6 liikairege gaikairege 7/8 kiikairege biikairege 9/10 ikairege ziikairege 11/10 rwikairege 12/14 kaikairege bwikairege 13 — twikairege 14/6 bwikairege gaikairege 15/6 kwikairege 16 haikairege — negative ti- + subject concord + -ikairege person noun class singular plural first person tinyikairege titwikairege second person toikairege timwikairege third person 1/2 taikairege tibaikairege 3/4 tigwikairege tiikairege 5/6 tiriikairege tigaikairege 7/8 tikiikairege tibiikairege 9/10 tiikairege tiziikairege 11/10 tirwikairege 12/14 tikaikairege tibwikairege 13 — titwikairege 14/6 tibwikairege tigaikairege 15/6 tikwikairege 16 tihaikairege — subject concord + -taikairege remote past affirmative subject concord + -kaikara person noun class singular plural first person nkaikara tukaikara second person okaikara mukaikara third person 1/2 akaikara bakaikara 3/4 gukaikara ekaikara 5/6 likaikara gakaikara 7/8 kikaikara bikaikara 9/10 ekaikara zikaikara 11/10 rukaikara 12/14 kakaikara bukaikara 13 — tukaikara 14/6 bukaikara gakaikara 15/6 kukaikara 16 hakaikara — subject concord + -aikaire negative subject concord + -taikale person noun class singular plural first person ntaikale tutaikale second person otaikale mutaikale third person 1/2 ataikale bataikale 3/4 gutaikale etaikale 5/6 litaikale gataikale 7/8 kitaikale bitaikale 9/10 etaikale ziitaikale 11/10 rutaikale 12/14 kataikale butaikale 13 — tutaikale 14/6 butaikale gataikale 15/6 kutaikale 16 hataikale — subject concord + -taraikaire experiential perfective affirmative subject concord + -raikaire person noun class singular plural first person ndaikaire turaikaire second person oraikaire muraikaire third person 1/2 araikaire baraikaire 3/4 guraikaire eraikaire 5/6 liraikaire garaikaire 7/8 kiraikaire biraikaire 9/10 eraikaire ziraikaire 11/10 ruraikaire 12/14 karaikaire buraikaire 13 — turaikaire 14/6 buraikaire garaikaire 15/6 kuraikaire 16 haraikaire — negative ti- + subject concord + -kaikaraga person noun class singular plural first person tinkaikaraga titukaikaraga second person tokaikaraga timukaikaraga third person 1/2 takaikaraga tibakaikaraga 3/4 tigukaikaraga tekaikaraga 5/6 tirikaikaraga tigakaikaraga 7/8 tikikaikaraga tibikaikaraga 9/10 tekaikaraga tizikaikaraga 11/10 tirukaikaraga 12/14 tikakaikaraga tibukaikaraga 13 — titukaikaraga 14/6 tibukaikaraga tigakaikaraga 15/6 tikukaikaraga 16 tihakaikaraga — subject concord + -takaikaraga cessative perfective affirmative subject concord + -aikaire person noun class singular plural first person naikaire twaikaire second person waikaire mwaikaire third person 1/2 yaikaire baikaire 3/4 gwaikaire yaikaire 5/6 lyaikaire gaikaire 7/8 kyaikaire byaikaire 9/10 yaikaire zaikaire 11/10 rwaikaire 12/14 kaikaire bwaikaire 13 — twaikaire 14/6 bwaikaire gaikaire 15/6 kwaikaire 16 haikaire — past habitual affirmative subject concord + -aikaraga person noun class singular plural first person naikaraga twaikaraga second person waikaraga mwaikaraga third person 1/2 yaikaraga baikaraga 3/4 gwaikaraga yaikaraga 5/6 lyaikaraga gaikaraga 7/8 kyaikaraga byaikaraga 9/10 yaikaraga zaikaraga 11/10 rwaikaraga 12/14 kaikaraga bwaikaraga 13 — twaikaraga 14/6 bwaikaraga gaikaraga 15/6 kwaikaraga 16 haikaraga — negative ti- + subject concord + aikaraga person noun class singular plural first person tinaikaraga titwaikaraga second person tiwaikaraga timwaikaraga third person 1/2 tiyaikaraga tibaikaraga 3/4 tigwaikaraga tiyaikaraga 5/6 tiryaikaraga tigaikaraga 7/8 tikyaikaraga tibyaikaraga 9/10 tiyaikaraga tizaikaraga 11/10 tirwaikaraga 12/14 tikaikaraga tibwaikaraga 13 — titwaikaraga 14/6 tibwaikaraga tigaikaraga 15/6 tikwaikaraga 16 tihaikaraga — subject concord + -taikaraga near future affirmative subject concord + -raikara person noun class singular plural first person ndaikara turaikara second person oraikara muraikara third person 1/2 araikara baraikara 3/4 guraikara eraikara 5/6 liraikara garaikara 7/8 kiraikara biraikara 9/10 eraikara ziraikara 11/10 ruraikara 12/14 karaikara buraikara 13 — turaikara 14/6 buraikara garaikara 15/6 kuraikara 16 haraikara — negative ti- + subject concord + -aikale person noun class singular plural first person tinaikale titwaikale second person tiwaikale timwaikale third person 1/2 tiyaikale tibaikale 3/4 tigwaikale tiyaikale 5/6 tiryaikale tigaikale 7/8 tikyaikale tibyaikale 9/10 tiyaikale tizaikale 11/10 tirwaikale 12/14 tikaikale tibwaikale 13 — titwaikale 14/6 tibwaikale tigaikale 15/6 tikwaikale 16 tihaikale — subject concord + -taikale remote future affirmative subject concord + -liikara person noun class singular plural first person ndiikara tuliikara second person oliikara muliikara third person 1/2 aliikara baliikara 3/4 guliikara eriikara 5/6 liriikara galiikara 7/8 kiriikara biriikara 9/10 eriikara ziriikara 11/10 ruliikara 12/14 kaliikara buliikara 13 — tuliikara 14/6 buliikara galiikara 15/6 kuliikara 16 haliikara — negative ti- + subject concord + -liikara person noun class singular plural first person tindiikara tituliikara second person toliikara timuliikara third person 1/2 taliikara tibaliikara 3/4 tiguliikara teriikara 5/6 tiririikara tigaliikara 7/8 tikiriikara tibiriikara 9/10 teriikara tiziriikara 11/10 tiruliikara 12/14 tikaliikara tibuliikara 13 — tituliikara 14/6 tibuliikara tigaliikara 15/6 tikuliikara 16 tihaliikara — subject concord + -taliikara future habitual affirmative subject concord + -raikaraga person noun class singular plural first person ndaikaraga turaikaraga second person oraikaraga muraikaraga third person 1/2 araikaraga baraikaraga 3/4 guraikaraga eraikaraga 5/6 liraikaraga garaikaraga 7/8 kiraikaraga biraikaraga 9/10 eraikaraga ziraikaraga 11/10 ruraikaraga 12/14 karaikaraga buraikaraga 13 — turaikaraga 14/6 buraikaraga garaikaraga 15/6 kuraikaraga 16 haraikaraga — negative ti- + subject concord + -aikalege person noun class singular plural first person tinaikalege titwaikalege second person tiwaikalege timwaikalege third person 1/2 tiyaikalege tibaikalege 3/4 tigwaikalege tiyaikalege 5/6 tiryaikalege tigaikalege 7/8 tikyaikalege tibyaikalege 9/10 tiyaikalege tizaikalege 11/10 tirwaikalege 12/14 tikaikalege tibwaikalege 13 — titwaikalege 14/6 tibwaikalege tigaikalege 15/6 tikwaikalege 16 tihaikalege — subject concord + -taikalege subjunctive affirmative subject concord + ikale person noun class singular plural first person nyikale twikale second person oikale mwikale third person 1/2 aikale baikale 3/4 gwikale ikale 5/6 liikale gaikale 7/8 kiikale biikale 9/10 ikale ziikale 11/10 rwikale 12/14 kaikale bwikale 13 — twikale 14/6 bwikale gaikale 15/6 kwikale 16 haikale — negative subject concord + -taikara person noun class singular plural first person ntaikara tutaikara second person otaikara mutaikara third person 1/2 ataikara bataikara 3/4 gutaikara etaikara 5/6 litaikara gataikara 7/8 kitaikara bitaikara 9/10 etaikara zitaikara 11/10 rutaikara 12/14 kataikara butaikara 13 — tutaikara 14/6 butaikara gataikara 15/6 kutaikara 16 hataikara — — subjunctive habitual affirmative subject concord + ikalege person noun class singular plural first person nyikalege twikalege second person oikalege mwikalege third person 1/2 aikalege baikalege 3/4 gwikalege ikalege 5/6 liikalege gaikalege 7/8 kiikalege biikalege 9/10 ikalege ziikalege 11/10 rwikalege 12/14 kaikalege bwikalege 13 — twikalege 14/6 bwikalege gaikalege 15/6 kwikalege 16 haikalege — hypothetical affirmative subject concord + -aakwikara person noun class singular plural first person naakwikara twakwikara second person waakwikara mwakwikara third person 1/2 yaakwikara baakwikara 3/4 gwakwikara yaakwikara 5/6 lyakwikara gaakwikara 7/8 kyakwikara byakwikara 9/10 yaakwikara zaakwikara 11/10 rwakwikara 12/14 kaakwikara bwakwikara 13 — twakwikara 14/6 bwakwikara gaakwikara 15/6 kwakwikara 16 haakwikara — negative ti- + subject concord + -aakwikara person noun class singular plural first person tinaakwikara titwakwikara second person tiwaakwikara timwakwikara third person 1/2 tiyaakwikara tibaakwikara 3/4 tigwakwikara tiyaakwikara 5/6 tiryakwikara tigaakwikara 7/8 tikyakwikara tibyakwikara 9/10 tiyaakwikara tizaakwikara 11/10 tirwakwikara 12/14 tikaakwikara tibwakwikara 13 — titwakwikara 14/6 tibwakwikara tigaakwikara 15/6 tikwakwikara 16 tihaakwikara — subject concord + -taakwikara conditional affirmative subject concord + -aakwikaire person noun class singular plural first person naakwikaire twakwikaire second person waakwikaire mwakwikaire third person 1/2 yaakwikaire baakwikaire 3/4 gwakwikaire yaakwikaire 5/6 lyakwikaire gaakwikaire 7/8 kyakwikaire byakwikaire 9/10 yaakwikaire zaakwikaire 11/10 rwakwikaire 12/14 kaakwikaire bwakwikaire 13 — twakwikaire 14/6 bwakwikaire gaakwikaire 15/6 kwakwikaire 16 haakwikaire — negative ti- + subject concord + -aakwikaire person noun class singular plural first person tinaakwikaire titwakwikaire second person tiwaakwikaire timwakwikaire third person 1/2 tiyaakwikaire tibaakwikaire 3/4 tigwakwikaire tiyaakwikaire 5/6 tiryakwikaire tigaakwikaire 7/8 tikyakwikaire tibyakwikaire 9/10 tiyaakwikaire tizaakwikaire 11/10 tirwakwikaire 12/14 tikaakwikaire tibwakwikaire 13 — titwakwikaire 14/6 tibwakwikaire tigaakwikaire 15/6 tikwakwikaire 16 tihaakwikaire — subject concord + -taakwikaire object concords person noun class singular plural first person -nyikara -twikara second person -kwikara -baikara third person 1/2 -mwikara 3/4 -gwikara -giikara 5/6 -liikara -gaikara 7/8 -kiikara -biikara 9/10 -giikara -ziikara 11/10 -rwikara 12/14 -kaikara -bwikara 13 — -twikara 14/6 -bwikara -gaikara 15/6 -kwikara 16 -haikara —

¹ The forms in this column are reduced relative forms; full relative forms require an augment before the subject concord.

Derived terms

• Verbal derivations:
  • Short causative: -ikaza

• Nominal derivations:
  • enyikara (“way of staying”)
  • obwikaro (“address”)
  • obwikazi (“address”)
  • omwikazi (“inhabitant”)

References

• Kaji, Shigeki (2007), A Rutooro Vocabulary‎^[1], Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA), →ISBN, pages 228, 312
• Rubongoya, L. T. (2013), Katondogorozi y'Orunyoro-Rutooro n'Orungereza [Runyoro–Rutooro-English and English-Runyoro–Rutooro dictionary]‎^[2], Kampala: Modrug Publishers, →ISBN, page 136
• Entry 3441 at Bantu Lexical Reconstructions 3

Yoruba

Ìkàrà

Alternative forms

• ùkàrà (Ijesha)
• àkàrà

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɪ̀.kà.ɾà/

Noun

ìkàrà

1. (Ekiti, Ijesha) akara

Derived terms

• oníkàrà
• ọlíkàrà