kapur

See also: Kapur

Malay

Etymology

From Proto-Austronesian *qapuʀ (“lime, calcium”). Possibly from the same source as Proto-Austronesian *qabu (“ash, cinder, powder”) ("lime" in some descendants). Cognate with Tagalog apog (“lime”), Bunun habu (“ash, powder, lime”), Tsou hapuyu (“lime”), Eastern Cham [script needed] (kapū).

Compare the Austroasiatic loanwords: Proto-Mon-Khmer *knpur (“lime”) (whence Khmer កំបោរ (kɑmbao, “lime, quicklime; plaster”), Middle Mon gapuiw (“lime”) > Mon ဂပဵု (həpɒ, “lime, stalked lime”), Vietnamese vôi (“lime”), Muong pôl (“lime”)), as well as Khmer កប៌ូរ (kāpōr, “camphor”).

Mayrhofer explains the anlaut variation observed in the descendants by the Austronesian prefix-variation kar- : kam- : ka-.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /kapo(r)/
• IPA^(key): /kapʊ(r)/
• Rhymes: -apo(r), -po(r), -o(r)

Noun

kapur

1. lime (calcium oxide, quicklime)

Descendants

(taking Malay as representative for all Austronesian)

• → Medieval Latin: camphora
  • → Byzantine Greek: καμφορά (kamphorá), κάμφορα (kámphora), κάμφρα (kámphra) (?), καφόρα (kaphóra), καμφούρα (kamphoúra)
    • Greek: καμφορά (kamforá), κάμφορα (kámfora)
      • → Romanian: camfor
      • → Russian: камфара́ (kamfará), ка́мфара (kámfara)
        • → Belarusian: камфара́ (kamfará), ка́мфара (kámfara)
  • Catalan: càmfora
  • → Middle High German: kampfer, gaffer
    • → Czech: kafr
    • → German: Campher, Kampfer, Campher (sciences)
      • → Hungarian: kámfor
  • → Finnish: kamferi
  • Italian: canfora
    • → Russian: камфо́ра (kamfóra), камфара́ (kamfará)
      • → Armenian: կամֆորա (kamfora)
      • → Kazakh: камфора (kamfora)
  • Old French: camphore, camphre
    • → English: camphor
    • French: camphre
    • → Middle English: camphire, caumfre
      • English: camphire
  • → Old Polish: kampor
    • Polish: kamfora
      • → Belarusian: камфо́ра (kamfóra), (Old Belarusian) камфоръ, (dialectal) кампор (kampór), кампора (kampóra)
  • Portuguese: cânfora
  • → Serbo-Croatian:
    • Cyrillic script: ка̑мфор
    • Latin script: kȃmfor
  • → Slovak: kamfor, gáfor
  • → Slovene: kamfor
• Indonesian: kapur
• → Middle Persian: 𐭪𐭠𐭯𐭥𐭫 (kʾp̄wl /⁠kāpūr⁠/)
  • → Arabic: كَافُور (kāfūr), قَافُور (qāfūr), قَفُّور (qaffūr) — obsolete
    • Andalusian Arabic: كافور (al-kāfūr)
      • → Spanish: alcanfor
        • → Tagalog: alkampor
      • → Portuguese: alcânfora
    • → Aramaic:

      Classical Syriac: ܟܐܦܘܪ, ܩܦܘܪ

      Jewish Babylonian Aramaic: כפורא, כופרא

    • → Byzantine Greek: καφουρά f (kaphourá), καφούρα f (kaphoúra), καφούριoν n (kaphoúrion), καφοῦριν n (kaphoûrin)
      • Greek: καφουρά (kafourá)
    • → Georgian: ქაფური (kapuri)
    • → Kurdish:

      Northern Kurdish: kafûr

      Central Kurdish: کافوور (kafûr)

      Southern Kurdish: کافوور (kafûr)

    • → Latin: caphura
      • → Catalan: càmfora
      • →? Albanian: kamfuri
    • → Persian: کافور (kâfur)
      • → Middle Armenian: քաֆուր (kʻafur)
        • Armenian: քաֆուր (kʻafur)
      • → Punjabi:

        Gurmukhi script: ਕਾਫ਼ੂਰ (kāfūr)

        Shahmukhi script: كافور (kāfūr)

    • → Turkish: kâfur
  • → Aramaic:
    • Classical Syriac: ܟܐܦܘܪ (kāp̄ūr)
    • Jewish Babylonian Aramaic: כאפור (kāp̄ūr)
  • → Old Armenian: քափուր (kʻapʻur), կափուր (kapʻur)
    • Armenian: քափուր (kʻapʻur)
• → Sanskrit: कर्पुर (karpura)
  • Gujarati: કપૂર (kapūr)
  • → Kannada: ಕರ್ಪೂರ (karpūra)
  • → Malayalam: കർപ്പൂരം (kaṟppūraṁ)
  • Marathi: कापूर (kāpūr)
  • Nepali: कपुर (kapura)
  • • Hindi: कपूर (kapūr)
  • → Sinhalese: කපුරු (kapuru)
  • → Tamil: கற்பூரம் (kaṟpūram)
  • → Telugu: కర్పూరము (karpūramu)
• → Pali: कप्पूर (kappūra)
• → Sogdian: ܟܦܐܘܪ (kpʾwr /⁠kapūr⁠/)
• → Korean: 캠퍼 (kaempeo)
• → Japanese: カンフル (kanfuru)

References

• Mayrhofer, Manfred (2001) Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[1] (in German), volume III, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 68
• Mayrhofer, Manfred (1956) Kurzgefasstes Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindischen [A Concise Etymological Sanskrit Dictionary] (in German), volume I, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 175
• Lokotsch, Karl (1927) Etymologisches Wörterbuch der europäischen Wörter orientalischen Ursprungs (in German), Heidelberg: Carl Winter’s Universitätsbuchhandlung, § 1100, page 88b