kapur

Malay

Etymology

From Proto-Austronesian *qapuR ‎(“lime, calcium”). Possibly from the same source as Proto-Austronesian *qabu ‎(“ash, cinder, powder”) ("lime" in some descendants). Cognate with Tagalog apog ‎(“lime”), Bunun habu ‎(“ash, powder, lime”), Tsou hapuyu ‎(“lime”), Eastern Cham [script needed] ‎(kapū).

Compare the Austroasiatic loanwords: Proto-Mon-Khmer *knpur ‎(“lime”) (whence Khmer កំបោរ ‎(kâmbaôr, “lime, quicklime; plaster”), Middle Mon gɔpøw ‎(gapuiw, “lime”) > Mon ဂပဵု ‎(həpɒ, “lime, stalked lime”), Vietnamese vôi ‎(“lime”), Muong pôl ‎(“lime”)), as well as Khmer កប៌ូរ ‎(kāpōr, “camphor”).

Mayrhofer explains the anlaut-variation observed in the descendants by the Austronesian prefix-variation kar- : kam- : ka-.

Pronunciation

• (Johor-Selangor) IPA^(key): /kapo(r)/
• (Riau-Lingga) IPA^(key): /kapʊ(r)/
• Rhymes: -apo(r), -po(r), -o(r)

Noun

kapur

1. lime (calcium oxide, quicklime)

Descendants

(taking Malay as representative for all Austronesian)

• Medieval Latin: camphora
  • Byzantine Greek: καμφορά ‎(kamphorá), κάμφορα ‎(kámphora), κάμφρα ‎(kámphra) (?), καφόρα ‎(kaphóra), καμφούρα ‎(kamphoúra)
    • Greek: καμφορά ‎(kamforá), κάμφορα ‎(kámfora)
      • Romanian: camfor
      • Russian: камфара́ ‎(kamfará), ка́мфара ‎(kámfara)
        • Belarusian: камфара́ ‎(kamfará), ка́мфара ‎(kámfara)
  • Catalan: càmfora
  • Middle High German: kampfer, gaffer
    • Czech: kafr
    • German: Kampfer / Campher
  • Finnish: kamferi
  • Hungarian: kámfor
  • Italian: canfora
  • Old French: camphore, camphre
    • English: camphor
    • French: camphre
    • Middle English: camphire, caumfre
      • English: camphire
  • Polish: kamfora, (Old Polish) kampor
    • Belarusian: камфо́ра ‎(kamfóra), (Old Belarusian) камфоръ ‎(kamforъ), (dialectal) кампор ‎(kampor), кампора ‎(kampora),
    • Russian: ка́мфора ‎(kámfora)
      • Armenian: կամֆորա ‎(kamfora)
  • Portuguese: cânfora
• Indonesian: kapur
• Middle Persian: kʾp̄wl ‎(kāpūr)
  • Arabic: كافور ‎(kāfūr)
    • Andalusian Arabic: [script needed] ‎(alkafúr)
      • Spanish: alcanfor
        • Tagalog: alkampor
      • Portuguese: alcânfora
    • Byzantine Greek: καφουρά ‎(kaphourá), καφούρα ‎(kaphoúra)
      • Greek: καφουρά ‎(kafourá)
    • Medieval Latin: caphura
    • Persian: کافور ‎(kāfūr)
      • Middle Armenian: քաֆուր ‎(kʿafur)
        • Armenian: քաֆուր ‎(kʿafur)
    • Turkish: kâfur
  • Aramaic:
    • Classical Syriac: ܟܐܦܘܪ ‎(kāp̄ūr)
    • Jewish Babylonian Aramaic: כאפור ‎(kāp̄ūr)
  • Georgian: ქაფური ‎(kapuri)
  • Old Armenian: քափուր ‎(kʿapʿur), կափուր ‎(kapʿur)
    • Armenian: քափուր ‎(kʿapʿur)
• Sanskrit: कर्पुर ‎(karpura)
  • Gujarati: કપૂર ‎(kapūr)
  • Hindi: कपूर ‎(kapūr)
  • Kannada: ಕರ್ಪೂರ ‎(karpūra)
  • Malayalam: കര്‍പ്പൂരം ‎(kar‍ppūraṃ)
  • Marathi: कापूर ‎(kāpūr)
  • Nepali: कपुर ‎(kapur)
  • Sinhalese: කපුරු ‎(kapuru)
  • Tamil: கற்பூரம் ‎(kaṟpūram)
  • Telugu: కర్పూరము ‎(karpūramu)
• Pali: कप्पूर ‎(kappūra)
• Sogdian: kpʾwr ‎(kapūr)
• Korean: 캠퍼 ‎(kaempeo)
• Japanese: カンフル ‎(kanfuru)

References

• Mayrhofer, Manfred (2001) Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen (in German), volume III, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 68
• Mayrhofer, Manfred (1956) Kurzgefasstes Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindischen [A Concise Etymological Sanskrit Dictionary] (in German), volume I, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 175
• Lokotsch, Karl (1927) Etymologisches Wörterbuch der europäischen Wörter orientalischen Ursprungs (in German), Heidelberg: Carl Winter’s Universitätsbuchhandlung, page 88b, § 1100