kapur

See also: Kapur

Malay[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Proto-Austronesian *qapuʀ (“lime, calcium”). Possibly from the same source as Proto-Austronesian *qabu (“ash, cinder, powder”) ("lime" in some descendants). Cognate with Tagalog apog (“lime”), Bunun habu (“ash, powder, lime”), Tsou hapuyu (“lime”), Eastern Cham [script needed] (kapū).

Compare the Austroasiatic loanwords: Proto-Mon-Khmer *knpur (“lime”) (whence Khmer កំបោរ (kɑmbao, “lime, quicklime; plaster”), Middle Mon gapuiw (“lime”) > Mon ဂပဵု (həpɒ, “lime, stalked lime”), Vietnamese vôi (“lime”), Muong pôl (“lime”)), as well as Khmer កប៌ូរ (kāpōr, “camphor”).

Mayrhofer explains the anlaut variation observed in the descendants by the Austronesian prefix-variation kar- : kam- : ka-.

Pronunciation[edit]

(Johor-Selangor) IPA^(key): /kapo(r)/
(Riau-Lingga) IPA^(key): /kapʊ(r)/
Rhymes: -apo(r), -po(r), -o(r)

Noun[edit]

kapur

lime (calcium oxide, quicklime)

Descendants[edit]

(taking Malay as representative for all Austronesian)

→ Medieval Latin: camphora
- → Byzantine Greek: καμφορά (kamphorá), κάμφορα (kámphora), κάμφρα (kámphra) (?), καφόρα (kaphóra), καμφούρα (kamphoúra)
  - Greek: καμφορά (kamforá), κάμφορα (kámfora)
    - → Romanian: camfor
    - → Russian: камфара́ (kamfará), ка́мфара (kámfara)
      - → Belarusian: камфара́ (kamfará), ка́мфара (kámfara)
- Catalan: càmfora
- → Middle High German: kampfer, gaffer
  - → Czech: kafr
  - → German: Campher, Kampfer
    - → Hungarian: kámfor
- → Finnish: kamferi
- Italian: canfora
  - → Russian: камфо́ра (kamfóra)
    - → Armenian: կամֆորա (kamfora)
- Old French: camphore, camphre
  - → English: camphor
  - French: camphre
  - → Middle English: camphire, caumfre
    - English: camphire
- → Old Polish: kampor
  - Polish: kamfora
    - → Belarusian: камфо́ра (kamfóra), (Old Belarusian) камфоръ (kamfórъ), (dialectal) кампор (kampór), кампора (kampóra),
- Portuguese: cânfora
- → Serbo-Croatian:
  - Cyrillic: ка̑мфор
  - Latin: kȃmfor
- → Slovak: kamfor, gáfor
- → Slovene: kamfor
Indonesian: kapur
→ Middle Persian: 𐭪𐭠𐭯𐭥𐭫‎ (kʾp̄wl /kāpūr/)
- → Arabic: كَافُور‎ (kāfūr)
  - Andalusian Arabic: الكافور‎ (alkafúr) (definite form)
    - → Spanish: alcanfor
      - → Tagalog: alkampor
    - → Portuguese: alcânfora
  - → Byzantine Greek: καφουρά (kaphourá), καφούρα (kaphoúra)
    - Greek: καφουρά (kafourá)
  - → Georgian: ქაფური (kapuri)
  - → Kurdish:
    Northern Kurdish: kafûr
    Central Kurdish: کافوور‎ (kafûr)
    Southern Kurdish: کافوور‎ (kafûr)
  - → Latin: caphura
    - → Albanian: kamfuri (?)
  - → Persian: کافور‎ (kāfūr)
    - → Middle Armenian: քաֆուր (kʿafur)
      - Armenian: քաֆուր (kʿafur)
  - → Turkish: kâfur
- → Aramaic:
  - Classical Syriac: ܟܐܦܘܪ‎ (kāp̄ūr)
  - Jewish Babylonian Aramaic: כאפור‎ (kāp̄ūr)
- → Old Armenian: քափուր (kʿapʿur), կափուր (kapʿur)
  - Armenian: քափուր (kʿapʿur)
→ Sanskrit: कर्पुर (karpura)
- Gujarati: કપૂર (kapūr)
- → Kannada: ಕರ್ಪೂರ (karpūra)
- → Malayalam: കര്‍പ്പൂരം (kar‍ppūraṃ)
- Marathi: कापूर (kāpūr)
- Nepali: कपुर (kapura)
- Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀓𑀧𑁆𑀧𑀽𑀭 (kappūra)
  - Hindi: कपूर (kapūr)
- → Sinhalese: කපුරු (kapuru)
- → Tamil: கற்பூரம் (kaṟpūram)
- → Telugu: కర్పూరము (karpūramu)
→ Pali: कप्पूर (kappūra)
→ Sogdian: ܟܦܐܘܪ‎ (kpʾwr /kapūr/)
→ Korean: 캠퍼 (kaempeo)
→ Japanese: カンフル (kanfuru)

References[edit]

Mayrhofer, Manfred (2001) Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan] (in German), volume III, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 68
Mayrhofer, Manfred (1956) Kurzgefasstes Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindischen [A Concise Etymological Sanskrit Dictionary] (in German), volume I, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 175
Lokotsch, Karl (1927) Etymologisches Wörterbuch der europäischen Wörter orientalischen Ursprungs (in German), Heidelberg: Carl Winter’s Universitätsbuchhandlung, § 1100, page 88b