lokys

Lithuanian

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Lokiniai

Etymology

From Proto-Baltic *tlāk- (with reduction of the “difficult” cluster tl to l), and cognate with Latvian lācis, Old Prussian clokis (klokis) (< *tlokis), Tlokunpelk (“Prussian placename”, literally “bear swamp”), Sudovian łukas. The term replaced the original word for bear, Proto-Indo-European *h₂ŕ̥tḱos (which may have survived as a fossilized compound in the word irštvà (“bear's den”), as part of a taboo seen in many other Indo-European branches. The Baltic terms are of unclear further origin:^[1]

Perhaps related to Proto-Slavic *dòlka (“hair”), assuming an earlier form of *tlaka for the Slavic. This is preferred by Derksen.
Connected to làkti (“to lick, lap”), with bears being conceived as “(honey) lickers”; this is formally irreconcilable with the Old Prussian cognate above.
According to Kortlandt, related to ti̇̀lti (“to become silent”), assuming an earlier form of ti̇̀lkti for the latter. This is phonetically bold and semantically tenuous.
Smoczynski, doubting the originality of the anlaut tl- of the Old Prussian forms, instead derives the Baltic terms from an originally adjectival unattested compound žmoglokỹs (“man-mauling”) > "man-mauler", with the initial part of the compound (žmogùs (“human”)) dropping out, taking the second part as being from Proto-Indo-European *leh₂k- (“to tear, rend”) and comparing Latin lacer (“lacerated”). This assumption regarding the Old Prussian anlaut is phonetically bold, and the derivation from *leh₂k-, otherwise unattested in Baltic, is somewhat ad hoc.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [loˈkʲiːs]

Noun

lokỹs m (plural lokiai̇̃) stress pattern 3

bear (animal)
Synonym: meškà
sloven, slob (untidy person)

Declension

Declension of **lokỹs**
	singular (vienaskaita)	plural (daugiskaita)
nominative (vardininkas)	lokỹs	lokiai̇̃
genitive (kilmininkas)	lókio	lokių̃
dative (naudininkas)	lókiui	lokiáms
accusative (galininkas)	lókį	lókius
instrumental (įnagininkas)	lókiu	lokiai̇̃s
locative (vietininkas)	lokyjè	lokiuosè
vocative (šauksmininkas)	lokỹ	lokiai̇̃

Derived terms

References

^ Derksen, Rick (2015) “lokys”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 291

[1] Derksen, Rick (2015) “lokys”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 291

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