دهقان

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See also: دہقان

Arabic

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Etymology

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Borrowed from Middle Persian [script needed] (dhywkʾn' /⁠dahigān⁠/).

Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key): /dih.qaːn/, /duh.qaːn/

Noun

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دِهْقَان or دُهْقَان (dihqān or duhqānm (plural دَهَاقِين (dahāqīn), feminine دِهْقَانَة (dihqāna))

  1. dehqan, publican
  2. publican, alekeeper
    • a. 869, الْجَاحِظ [al-jāḥiẓ], edited by مُحَمَّد عَلِيّ أَبُو الْعَبَّاس [muḥammad ʕaliyy ʔabū l-ʕabbās], اَلْبُخَلَاء [al-buḵalāʔ, The Misers], Cairo, Egypt: اَلْهَيْئَة المِصْرِيَّة الْعَامَّة لِلْكِتَاب, published 2012, →ISBN, page 56:
      وَٱللّٰهِ إِنِّي لَأُفَضِّلُ الدَّهَاقِينَ حِينَ عَابُوا الْحَسْوَ، وَتَقَزَّزُوا مِنَ التَّعَرُّقِ، وَبَهْرَجُوا صَاحِبَ التَّمْشِيشِ، وَحِينَ أَكَلُوا بِالْبَارَجِينِ وَقَطَعُوا بِالسِّكِّينِ، وَلَزِمُوا عِنْدَ الطَّعَامِ السَّكْتَةَ، وَتَرَكُوا الْخَوْضَ، وَٱخْتَارُوا الزَّمْزَمَةَ.
      wal-lāhi ʔinnī laʔufaḍḍilu ad-dahāqīna ḥīna ʕābū l-ḥaswa, wataqazzazū mina t-taʕarruqi, wabahrajū ṣāḥiba t-tamšīši, waḥīna ʔakalū bi-l-bārajīni waqaṭaʕū bi-s-sikkīni, walazimū ʕinda ṭ-ṭaʕāmi s-saktata, watarakū l-ḵawḍa, waḵtārū z-zamzamata.
      (please add an English translation of this quotation)

Declension

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Derived terms

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References

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  • Ullmann, Manfred (1992) Das Motiv des Spiegels in der arabischen Literatur des Mittelalters (Abhandlungen der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Göttingen: Philologisch-historische Klasse; 198) (in German), Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, pages 145–147

Persian

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Etymology

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The form from Arabic دِهْقَان (dihqān), from Middle Persian [script needed] (dhywkʾn' /⁠dahigān⁠/, countryman, farmer), also found as دهگان (dehgân) and دهخان (dehxân). By surface analysis, ده (deh, village) +‎ ـگان (-gân, pertaining to, -er). Akin to Old Armenian դեհկան-ութիւն (dehkan-utʻiwn), Classical Syriac ܕܗܩܢܐ (dahqānā).

Pronunciation

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Readings
Classical reading? dihqān
Dari reading? dehqān
Iranian reading? dehğân
Tajik reading? dehqon

Noun

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Dari دهقان
Iranian Persian
Tajik деҳқон

دهقان (dehqân)

  1. farmer, peasant
    Synonym: کشاورز (kešâvarz)
    • c. 1390, Hafez, “Ghazal 486”, in دیوان حافظ [The Divan of Hafez]‎[2]:
      دهقان سال‌خورده چه خوش گفت با پسر
      کای نور چشم من! به‌جز از کشته ندروی
      dihqān-i sāl-xwarda či xwaš guft bā pisar
      k-ay nūr-i čašm-i man! ba joz az kišta na-dirawī
      How well the aged peasant spoke to his son:
      "O light of my eyes! You reap nothing but what was planted."
      (Classical Persian romanization)
  2. (historical) dihqan (local aristocrat in late Sasanian and early Islamic Iran)
    • c. 1011, Abu'l-Qāsim Firdawsī, “The Reign of Bahrām Gōr”, in شاهنامه [Book of Kings]‎[3]:
      نه بازارگان ماند ایدر نه شاه
      نه دهقان نه لشکر نه تخت و کلاه
      na bāzārgān mānd andar na šāh
      na dihqān na laškar na taxt u kulāh
      No merchant remained there, nor a king,
      No lord nor army nor throne and crown.
      (Classical Persian romanization)
  3. (obsolete, by extension from "Persian aristocrat") Persian, Iranian (as opposed to Arabs and Turks)
    • c. 1011, Abu'l-Qāsim Firdawsī, “The Reign of Yazdgird”, in شاهنامه [Book of Kings]‎[4]:
      نه دهقان نه ترک و نه تازی بود
      سخن‌ها به کردار بازی بود
      na dihqān na turk u na tāzī buwad
      suxan-hā ba kirdār-i bāzī buwad
      They will be neither Persian nor Turk nor Arab,
      Their words will be in the manner of a joke.
      (Classical Persian romanization)

Derived terms

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Descendants

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Proper noun

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Dari دهقان
Iranian Persian
Tajik Деҳқон

دهقان (dehqân)

  1. a surname, Dehghan, Dehqan

Further reading

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  • Ciancaglini, Claudia A. (2008) Iranian loanwords in Syriac (Beiträge zur Iranistik; 28)‎[5], Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, page 148
  • Hübschmann, Heinrich (1897) Armenische Grammatik. 1. Theil: Armenische Etymologie (in German), Leipzig: Breitkopf & Härtel, page 139
  • Vullers, Johann August (1855) “دهقان”, in Lexicon Persico-Latinum etymologicum cum linguis maxime cognatis Sanscrita et Zendica et Pehlevica comparatum, e lexicis persice scriptis Borhâni Qâtiu, Haft Qulzum et Bahâri agam et persico-turcico Farhangi-Shuûrî confectum, adhibitis etiam Castelli, Meninski, Richardson et aliorum operibus et auctoritate scriptorum Persicorum adauctum[6] (in Latin), volume I, Gießen: J. Ricker, page 942