гражданин

Bulgarian

Etymology

From Old Church Slavonic гражданинъ (graždaninŭ), from Proto-Slavic *gorďaninъ. The modern meaning is a calque of French bourgeois.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈɡraʒdɐnin]

• Audio

  (file)

Noun

гра́жданин • (gráždanin) m (feminine гра́жданка, relational adjective гра́ждански)

1. townsman, burgher (resident of a town, city)
2. citizen (legal member of a state)

Declension

Declension of гра́жданин

	singular	plural
indefinite	гра́жданин gráždanin	гра́ждани gráždani
definite (subject form)	гра́жданинът gráždaninǎt	гра́жданите gráždanite
definite (object form)	гра́жданина gráždanina
count form	—	гра́жданина gráždanina
vocative form	гра́жданино gráždanino	гра́ждани gráždani

Derived terms

• гра́ждански (gráždanski, “civil”)
• гра́жданство (gráždanstvo, “citizenship”)

Further reading

• “гражданин”, in Речник на българския език [Dictionary of the Bulgarian Language] (in Bulgarian), Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2014
• “гражданин”, in Речник на българския език [Dictionary of the Bulgarian Language] (in Bulgarian), Chitanka, 2010

Russian

Alternative forms

• граждани́нъ (graždanín) — Pre-reform orthography (1918)

Etymology

Borrowed from Old Church Slavonic гражданинъ (graždaninŭ), from Proto-Slavic *gorďaninъ. Compare native горожа́нин (gorožánin), which was inherited from Old East Slavic. Related to го́род (górod, “city”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ɡrəʐdɐˈnʲin]

• Audio

  (file)

• Hyphenation: гра‧жда‧нин
• Rhymes: -in

Noun

граждани́н • (graždanín) m anim (genitive граждани́на, nominative plural гра́ждане, genitive plural гра́ждан, feminine гражда́нка, relational adjective гражда́нский)

1. citizen, national
   • November 24, 1917, Vladimir Ulyanov-Lenin, Yakov Sverdlov, Decree on the Abolition of Estates and Civil Ranks:

     Всякие звания (дворянина, купца, мещанина, крестьянина и пр., титулы — княжеские, графские и пр.) и наименование гражданских чинов (тайные, статские и проч. советники) уничтожаются и устанавливается одно общее для всего населения России наименование — граждан Российской Республики.

     Vsjakije zvanija (dvorjanina, kupca, meščanina, krestʹjanina i pr., tituly — knjažeskije, grafskije i pr.) i naimenovanije graždanskix činov (tajnyje, statskije i proč. sovetniki) uničtožajutsja i ustanavlivajetsja odno obščeje dlja vsevo naselenija Rossii naimenovanije — graždan Rossijskoj Respubliki.

     Any titles (nobleman, merchant, tradesman, peasant, etc., princely, county titles, etc.) and the name of civilian officials (secret, state and other advisers) are destroyed and one common name for the entire Russian population is established — citizens of the Russian Republic.

2. (formal, law enforcement) sir, mister, Mr. (form of address used by a police officer towards a male civilian)

   Граждани́н, пройдёмте. ― Graždanín, projdjómte. ― Sir, you're going to have to come with me.

Declension

Declension of граждани́н (anim masc-form hard-stem accent-d) 

	singular	plural
nominative	граждани́н graždanín	гра́ждане gráždane
genitive	граждани́на graždanína	гра́ждан gráždan
dative	граждани́ну graždanínu	гра́жданам gráždanam
accusative	граждани́на graždanína	гра́ждан gráždan
instrumental	граждани́ном graždanínom	гра́жданами gráždanami
prepositional	граждани́не graždaníne	гра́жданах gráždanax

Derived terms

• сограждани́н (sograždanín)

Related terms

• гражда́нка (graždánka)
• гражда́нский (graždánskij)
• гражда́нство (graždánstvo)

Descendants

• → Bashkir: граждан (grajdan)
• → Bezhta: гражданин (graždanin)
• → Kyrgyz: гражданин (grajdanin)
• → Tajik: гражданин (graždanin)
• → Turkmen: grajjdan
• → Uyghur: گراژدان (grazhdan)
• → Uzbek: grajdan

Further reading

• Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “гражданин”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
• Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “горожанин”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress