तु

Garhwali

Etymology

From Sanskrit त्वम् (tvam). Cognates include Hindi तू (tū) and Nepali तँ (tã).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈtʊ/

Pronoun

तु (tu)

1. thou, you (singular)

References

• Anoop Chandra Chandola (1966) A Synthatic Sketch of Garhwali, University of Chicago press (PhD thesis), page 86

Sanskrit

Alternative forms

• तू (tū) — metrical variant

Alternative scripts

Alternative scripts

• তু (Assamese script)
• ᬢᬸ (Balinese script)
• তু (Bengali script)
• 𑰝𑰲 (Bhaiksuki script)
• 𑀢𑀼 (Brahmi script)
• တု (Burmese script)
• તુ (Gujarati script)
• ਤੁ (Gurmukhi script)
• 𑌤𑍁 (Grantha script)
• ꦠꦸ (Javanese script)
• 𑂞𑂳 (Kaithi script)
• ತು (Kannada script)
• តុ (Khmer script)
• ຕຸ (Lao script)
• തു (Malayalam script)
• ᢠᡠ (Manchu script)
• 𑘝𑘳 (Modi script)
• ᢐᠤ (Mongolian script)
• 𑦽𑧔 (Nandinagari script)
• 𑐟𑐸 (Newa script)
• ତୁ (Odia script)
• ꢡꢸ (Saurashtra script)
• 𑆠𑆶 (Sharada script)
• 𑖝𑖲 (Siddham script)
• තු (Sinhalese script)
• 𑩫𑩒 (Soyombo script)
• 𑚙𑚰 (Takri script)
• து (Tamil script)
• తు (Telugu script)
• ตุ (Thai script)
• ཏུ (Tibetan script)
• 𑒞𑒳 (Tirhuta script)
• 𑨙𑨃 (Zanabazar Square script)

Etymology

According to Mayrhofer, somehow related to Proto-Germanic *þau (“in that case”), from Proto-Indo-European *to- (“that”) + *-we (“or”) by early contraction.

Pronunciation

• (Vedic) IPA^(key): /tú/
• (Classical) IPA^(key): /t̪u/

Particle

तु • (tú)

1. pray, I beg, do
2. but
   • c. 1200 BCE – 1000 BCE, Atharvaveda 4.18.6
3. and
   • c. 200 BCE – 200 CE, Manusmṛti 2.22
   • (Can we date this quote?), The Buddha, Dhammapada(pāḷi) (subsequently translated from Pali to Sanskrit), Appamādavaɡɡa, page 32; republished in The Eighteenth Book in the Suttanta-Pitaka: Khuddaka-Nikāya‎^[1], Colombo, 2009:

     8. ප්‍රමාදමප්‍රමාදෙන යදා නුදති පණ‍්ඩිතඃ
     ප්‍රඥාප්‍රසාදමාරුහ්‍ය ත්‍වශොකඃ ශොකිනීං ප්‍රජාම්
     පර්‍වතස‍්ථ ඉව භූමිෂ‍්ඨාන් ධීරො බාලානවෙක්‍ෂතෙ

     8 Pramādamapramādena yadā nudati paṇḍitaḥ
     Prajñāprasādamāruhya tvaśokaḥ śokinīṃ prajām
     Parvatastha iva bhūmiṣṭhān dhīro bālānavekṣate

     8. When the astute dispel negligence by means of diligence,
     having ascended the palace of wisdom, the sorrow-free then behold this generation of sorrow,
     as a wise man on a mountain-top beholds the fools below.

     (literally, “8. When the astute dispel negligence by means of diligence,
     having ascended the palace of wisdom, the sorrow-free then behold this generation of sorrow,
     as a wise man on a mountain-top beholds the fools on the ground.”)

     (Wiktionary translation adapted from translation of the Pali by Ajahn Sujato.)

4. or

Usage notes

This particle is never found at the beginning of a sentence or verse. Some usages are:

• च ... न तु (ca ... na tu, “though ... still not”)
• न ... अपि तु (na ... api tu, “not ... but”)
• न च ... अपि तु (na ca ... api tu, “not ... but”)
• कामं ... अपि तु (kāmaṃ ... api tu, “though ... still”)
• कामं च ... अपि तु (kāmaṃ ca ... api tu, “though ... still”)
• कामं ... न तु (kāmaṃ ... na tu, “it is true ... but not”)
• भूयस् ... न तु (bhūyas ... na tu, “it is true ... but not”)
• वरं ... न तु (varaṃ ... na tu, “it is true ... but not”)

Derived terms

• परं तु (paraṃ tu, “though, still, not”)
• किं तु (kiṃ tu, “but”)

References

• Monier Williams (1899) “तु”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 449.
• Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992) chapter 651, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[2] (in German), volume I, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag