一等

Chinese

		one; single; a one; single; a; (before verbs) as soon as, once; (before a noun) entire (family, etc.)	class; rank; grade class; rank; grade; equal to; same as; wait for; await; et cetera; and so on
trad. (一等)		一	等
simp. #(一等)		一	等

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): yīděng

  (Zhuyin): ㄧ ㄉㄥˇ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): jat¹ dang²
• Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): it-téng

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: yīděng
    • Zhuyin: ㄧ ㄉㄥˇ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: yiděng
    • Wade–Giles: i¹-têng³
    • Yale: yī-děng
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ideeng
    • Palladius: идэн (idɛn)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /i⁵⁵ tɤŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: jat¹ dang²
    • Yale: yāt dáng
    • Cantonese Pinyin: jat⁷ dang²
    • Guangdong Romanization: yed¹ deng²
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /jɐt̚⁵ tɐŋ³⁵/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: it-téng
    • Tâi-lô: it-tíng
    • Phofsit Daibuun: itdeang
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /it̚³²⁻⁴ tiɪŋ⁴¹/
    • IPA (Taipei): /it̚³²⁻⁴ tiɪŋ⁵³/

Adjective

一等

1. (attributive) first-class; first-rate; top; the best

Derived terms

• 一等洋人二等官，三等少民四等漢／一等洋人二等官，三等少民四等汉 (yīděng yángrén èrděng guān, sānděng shǎomín sìděng Hàn)
• 一等獎／一等奖 (yīděngjiǎng)
• 一等艙／一等舱

 

Japanese

Kanji in this term
一	等
いち > いっ Grade: 1	とう Grade: 3
on’yomi

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) いっとー [ìttóó] (Heiban – [0])
• (Tokyo) いっと​ー [ìttóꜜò] (Nakadaka – [3])
• IPA^(key): [it̚to̞ː]

Noun

一(いっ)等(とう) • (ittō) 

1. first-class, first-rate, top, the best

Descendants

• → Min Nan: 一度 (it-tó͘, it-tó)

Korean

Hanja in this term
一	等

Noun

一等 • (ildeung) (hangeul 일등)

1. Hanja form^? of 일등 (“first place”).

Old Korean

Alternative forms

• 一等隱 (form with more phonograms)
• 一隱 (form marking coda consonant only)

Etymology

Sometimes connected to Middle Korean ᄀᆞᆮ (kot, “as, like”, particle). The relationship to Middle Korean ᄒᆞ낳 (hònàh, “one”) is not clear. May be related to Baekje 伽第𢀳 (*gadəp, “one”).

Alexander Vovin (2010) asserts that Japanese 片 (kata) is "certainly a Korean loanword" from this word. However, Vovin's source for the Koreanic term is a document that is over 500 years newer than the first Japonic mention; it would have to be an earlier borrowing into Japanese.

Numeral

一等 (*HAton(h) or *HOton(h))

1. one
   • 1281 [c. 750], 月明師 (Wolmyeongsa), “祭亡妹歌 (Jemangmae-ga)”, in 三國遺事 (Samguk Yusa) [Memorabilia of the Three Kingdoms]:

     一等隱枝良出古

     even though they sprout on a single branch

   • 1281 [c. 760], 希明 (Huimyeong), “禱千手觀音歌 (Docheonsugwaneum-ga)”, in 三國遺事 (Samguk Yusa) [Memorabilia of the Three Kingdoms]:

     一等下叱放一等肹除惡攴

     put just about one, and take [another] one

Reconstruction notes

The twelfth-century wordlist Jilin leishi transcribes this word, with no transparent Middle Korean reflex, with the Chinese characters 河屯. As the reconstructed Song dynasty pronunciation of these characters is *ɦɑ tʰuən, the numeral is conventionally reconstructed as *HAton or *HOton, the latter in order to enable a connection to Middle Korean ᄒᆞ낳 (hònàh, “one”) and Middle Korean ᄒᆞᄅᆞ (hòlò, “one day”).

The c. 760 poem Docheonsugwaneum-ga appears to write the locative particle *-a as 下 (*-ha) instead of the expected 良 (*-a) when following 一等, suggesting that an additional consonant, probably *h, may have followed the final nasal.

Descendants

• >? Middle Korean: ᄒᆞ낳 (hònàh)
  • Early Modern Korean: ᄒᆞ낳 (honah), ᄒᆞ나 (hona)
    • Korean: 하나 (hana)
  • Jeju: ᄒᆞ나 (hawna)
• ⇒ Middle Korean: ᄒᆞᄅᆞ (hòlò, “one day”)
  • Korean: 하루 (haru, “one day”)
• ⇒ Korean: 하릅 (hareup, “one-year-old animal”)

References

• 조규태 [jogyutae] (2006) “한국어 수사의 어원과 어형 변화에 대하여 [han'gugeo susaui eowon'gwa eohyeong byeonhwa'e daehayeo, On the etymologies and changes of Korean numerals]”, in Eomunhak, volume 94, pages 81—117
• 박지용 外 (Park Ji-yong et al.) (2012) 향가 해독 자료집 [hyangga haedok jaryojip, A Sourcebook of Hyangga Interpretations], Seoul National University, pages 92, 145
• 남풍현 (Nam Pung-hyun) (2017) “도천수관음가의 새로운 해독 [docheonsugwaneumgaui saeroun haedok, A new reading of the Docheonsugwaneum-ga]”, in Gugyeol Yeon'gu, volume 45, pages 7–29
• 이승재 (Lee Seung-jae) (2017) 木簡에 기록된 古代 韓國語 [The Old Korean Language Inscribed on Wooden Tablets], Iljogag