惡乎

Chinese

		phonetic
trad. (惡乎)		惡	乎
simp. (恶乎)		恶	乎
alternative forms		惡虖／恶呼

Etymology

Possibly an alternative form of the sequence 於 (OC *qa) 何 (OC *ɡaːl), which is rarely attested, although this may be phonologically problematic (Pulleyblank, 1995).

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): wūhū

  (Zhuyin): ㄨ ㄏㄨ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): wu¹ fu⁴

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: wūhū
    • Zhuyin: ㄨ ㄏㄨ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: wuhu
    • Wade–Giles: wu¹-hu¹
    • Yale: wū-hū
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: uhu
    • Palladius: уху (uxu)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /u⁵⁵ xu⁵⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: wu¹ fu⁴
    • Yale: wū fùh
    • Cantonese Pinyin: wu¹ fu⁴
    • Guangdong Romanization: wu¹ fu⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /wuː⁵⁵ fuː²¹/

---

• Middle Chinese: 'u hu

Rime
Character	惡	乎
Reading #	1/3	1/1
Initial (聲)	影 (34)	匣 (33)
Final (韻)	模 (23)	模 (23)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	I	I
Fanqie	哀都切	戸吳切
Baxter	'u	hu
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ʔuo/	/ɦuo/
Pan Wuyun	/ʔuo/	/ɦuo/
Shao Rongfen	/ʔo/	/ɣo/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ʔɔ/	/ɦɔ/
Li Rong	/ʔo/	/ɣo/
Wang Li	/u/	/ɣu/
Bernard Karlgren	/ʔuo/	/ɣuo/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	wū	hú
Expected Cantonese Reflex	wu1	wu4

• Old Chinese

  (Zhengzhang): /*qaː  ɢaː/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	惡	乎
Reading #	1/3	1/1
No.	14217	5189
Phonetic component	亞	乎
Rime group	魚	魚
Rime subdivision	0	0
Corresponding MC rime	烏	胡
Old Chinese	/*qaː/	/*ɢaː/

Pronoun

惡乎

1. (literary) how; what; where; apparently equivalent to 於何／于何, which is only rarely found in Classical texts.

   • 君子去仁，惡乎成名？ [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     君子去仁，恶乎成名？ [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

     Jūnzǐ qù rén, wūhū chéng míng? [Pinyin]

     If a superior man abandon virtue, how can he fulfill the requirements of that name?

   • 卒然問曰：「天下惡乎定？」吾對曰：「定于一。」 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     卒然问曰：「天下恶乎定？」吾对曰：「定于一。」 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: Mencius, c. 4^th century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

     Cùrán wèn yuē: “Tiānxià wūhū dìng?” Wú duì yuē: “Dìng yú yī.” [Pinyin]

     Abruptly he asked me, "How can the kingdom be settled?" I replied, "It will be settled by being united under one sway."

Synonyms

• 何所