難堪

See also: 难堪

Chinese

		disaster; distress; to scold disaster; distress; to scold; difficult (to...); problem; difficulty; difficult; not good	endure
trad. (難堪)		難	堪
simp. (难堪)		难	堪

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): nánkān

  (Zhuyin): ㄋㄢˊ ㄎㄢ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): naan⁴ ham¹
• Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): lân-kham

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: nánkān
    • Zhuyin: ㄋㄢˊ ㄎㄢ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: nánkan
    • Wade–Giles: nan²-kʻan¹
    • Yale: nán-kān
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: nankan
    • Palladius: нанькань (nanʹkanʹ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /nän³⁵ kʰän⁵⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: naan⁴ ham¹
    • Yale: nàahn hām
    • Cantonese Pinyin: naan⁴ ham¹
    • Guangdong Romanization: nan⁴ hem¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /naːn²¹ hɐm⁵⁵/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lân-kham
    • Tâi-lô: lân-kham
    • Phofsit Daibuun: lanqafm
    • IPA (Xiamen): /lan²⁴⁻²² kʰam⁴⁴/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /lan²⁴⁻²² kʰam³³/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /lan¹³⁻²² kʰam⁴⁴/
    • IPA (Taipei): /lan²⁴⁻¹¹ kʰam⁴⁴/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /lan²³⁻³³ kʰam⁴⁴/

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• Middle Chinese: nan khom

Rime
Character	難	堪
Reading #	1/2	1/1
Initial (聲)	泥 (8)	溪 (29)
Final (韻)	寒 (61)	覃 (159)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	I	I
Fanqie	那干切	口含切
Baxter	nan	khom
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/nɑn/	/kʰʌm/
Pan Wuyun	/nɑn/	/kʰəm/
Shao Rongfen	/nɑn/	/kʰɒm/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/nan/	/kʰəm/
Li Rong	/nɑn/	/kʰᴀm/
Wang Li	/nɑn/	/kʰɒm/
Bernard Karlgren	/nɑn/	/kʰăm/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	nán	kān
Expected Cantonese Reflex	naan4	ham1

Verb

難堪

1. to be hard to take; to be difficult to endure

Adjective

難堪

1. intolerable; unbearable
2. embarrassing
3. embarrassed

Synonyms

• (embarrassing): 尷尬／尴尬 (gāngà), 困窘 (kùnjiǒng), 狼狽／狼狈 (lángbèi), 為難／为难 (wéinán)