Appendix:Hungarian fleeting-vowel words

Hungarian fleeting-vowel words^[1] (Hungarian hangzóhiányos / hangzóvesztő / hangzótoldó [változatú] névszótövek) lose their vowels in their last syllable in several inflected forms. These words include mostly nouns as well as a few adjectives and numerals. For an excerpt of similar verbs, see the last section near the bottom.

Nouns and adjectives

The column “Ending” contains the last two consonants in reverse-alphabetized order, in invisible format, only to enable sorting by the ending (aside from the other headers).

Word	Accusative	Meaning	Ending	Front or back	Note
ajak	ajkat	lip	kj	back	low-vowel word
akol	aklot	sheep-fold, pen	lk	back	also regular
alom	almot	litter, animal bedding, bed of straw	ml	back	see the unrelated endings -alom, -dalom etc. at the bottom of this table
-alom -dalom -adalom -odalom	-almat -dalmat -adalmat -odalmat	—	ml	back	noun suffix, forming low-vowel words see also the unrelated word alom near the top of this table
álom	álmot	dream	ml	back
árok	árkot	ditch, trench	kr	back
ászok	ászkot	gantry (for a barrel); Weinlager	ksz	back
átok	átkot	curse, malediction	kt	back
bagoly	baglyot	owl	jg	back
bajusz	bajszot	mustache	szj	back	may also be regular: bajuszt
barom	barmot	cattle, livestock; (fig.) brute, idiot	mr	back
bátor	bátrat	brave	rt	back	adjective; (as usual for adjectives) low-vowel word
berek	berket	grove (literary)	kr	front unrounded
birok	birkot	wrestle	kr	back	rare except in one form, birokra
bodor	bodrot	curl (regional/literary), curly (adjective)	rd	back
bokor	bokrot	bush	rk	back
bögöly	böglyöt	horsefly, gadfly	jg	front rounded
bugyor	bugyrot	bundle, parcel, pack (rare)	rgy	back
burok	burkot	shell, casing, cover, integument	kr	back	not to be confused with unrelated bürök, below
bürök	bürköt	hemlock	kr	front rounded	not to be confused with unrelated burok, above
bütyök	bütyköt	gnarl, knot, node, lump, excrescence	kty	front rounded
cimbalom	cimbalmot	Hungarian dulcimer; cimbalom	ml	back	not a low-vowel word, in contrast to derivations ending in -alom
cinterem	cintermet	graveyard (archaic)	mr	front unrounded	unrelated to terem (also with a fleeting vowel)
cirkalom	cirkalmat	curlicue, flourish; (archaic) compasses	ml	back	low-vowel word; not a derivation with -alom
cirok	cirkot (cirokot)	sorghum, kaffir (corn)	kr	back
cukor	cukrot	sugar	rk	back
cseber	csebret	bucket, pail (dated)	rb	front unrounded	alternative form of csöbör, below
csokor	csokrot	bouquet, nosegay	rk	back
csöbör	csöbröt	bucket, pail (dated)	rb	front rounded	alternative form of cseber, above
csupor	csuprot	mug, pot, jar	rp	back
csücsök	csücsköt	tip, corner (of some cloth)	kcs	front rounded
csülök	csülköt	(pork) knuckle	kl	front rounded	also csürök in archaism
dolog	dolgot	thing	gl	back
-elem -delem -edelem	-elmet -delmet -edelmet	—	ml	front unrounded	noun-forming suffix; the noun elem (“element”) does not belong here
eper	epret	strawberry; mulberry	rp	front unrounded
érem	érmet	medal	mr	front unrounded	unrelated to szemérem (“modesty, pudency”)
étek	étket	food (literary)	kt	front unrounded
ezer	ezret	thousand	rz	front unrounded	numeral (“1000”)
farok	farkat	tail	kr	back	low-vowel word
fátyol	fátylat	veil; fog, haze, mist	lty	back	low-vowel word
féreg	férget	worm	gr	front unrounded
fészek	fészket	nest	ksz	front unrounded
fodor	fodrot	frill, ruffle	rd	back
fogoly	foglyot	prisoner; partridge	jg	back
gödör	gödröt	pit; socket	rd	front rounded
gyomor	gyomrot	stomach (organ)	rm	back
halom	halmot	heap, pile; mound, hill	ml	back
három	hármat	three	mr	back	numeral (“3”); low-vowel word
haszon	hasznot	profit, use, gain, advantage	nsz	back
horog	horgot	(fishing) hook	gr	back
horony	hornyot	groove, flute/fluting, rabbet, slot	nyr	back
hurok	hurkot	noose, loop	kr	back
iker	ikret	twin	rk	front unrounded
izom	izmot	muscle	mz	back
járom	jármot	yoke	mr	back
jászol	jászlat	manger; crib	lsz	back	low-vowel word
kapocs	kapcsot	(paper)clip, clasp, clamp, staple, snap	csp	back
kapor	kaprot	dill	rp	back
karom	karmot	claw, talon	mr	back
kazal	kazlat	stack, rick	lz	back	low-vowel word
kebel	keblet	bosom (literary)	lb	front unrounded
kelet	keletet (keltet) (poss.) kelte	date	tl	front unrounded	the accusative tends to be regular but the possessive-suffixed form loses a vowel; its homonym with the more common sense “east” is regular
kéreg	kérget	crust, bark	gr	front unrounded
koboz	kobzot	lute, lyre (historical)	zb	back
korom	kormot	soot	mr	back
köböl	köblöt	butt, vat (archaic)	lb	front rounded
kölyök	kölyköt	kid, young (of animals), whelp, puppy	kj	front rounded
köröm	körmöt	fingernail	mr	front rounded
lator	latrot / latort	knave, rogue	rt	back	may also be regular
lélek	lelket	soul	kl	front unrounded	with alternating vowel length in its first syllable
lepel	leplet	veil, shroud, pall	lp	front unrounded
lucsok	lucskot	sludge, slush	kcs	back	also locsok, lucsk in archaic or regional form
majom	majmot	monkey, ape	mj	back
malom	malmot	mill	ml	back
marok	markot	inside of a (closed) hand; handful, grasp, grip	kr	back
meder	medret	riverbed	rd	front unrounded
méreg	mérget	poison; anger	gr	front unrounded
mocsok	mocskot	filth, sleaze, grime	kcs	back
murok	murkot	wild carrot (rare)	kr	back
nyereg	nyerget	saddle	gr	front unrounded
nyirok	nyirkot	lymph; moisture, damp(ness)	kr	back
odor	odrot	hollow, cavity; geode; swage (regional or technical)	rd	back	may also be regular
ólom	ólmot	lead (metal)	ml	back
orom	ormot	summit, peak, pinnacle (literary)	mr	back
öböl	öblöt	bay, gulf	lb	front rounded
ököl	öklöt	fist	lk	front rounded
ökör	ökröt	ox	rk	front rounded
pecek	pecket	peg, pin	kc	front unrounded	alternative form of pöcök, below (not to be confused with unrelated pocok)
petrezselyem	petrezselymet	parsley	mj	front unrounded
piszok	piszkot	dirt, filth, grime	ksz	back
pocok	pockot	vole, fieldmouse, fieldvole	kc	back	not to be confused with unrelated pöcök, below
pokol	poklot	hell	lk	back
pöcök	pöcköt	peg, pin	kc	front rounded	alternative form of pecek, above not to be confused with unrelated pocok, above
prücsök	prücsköt	(endearing) little child; (regional) cricket	kcs	front rounded	compare tücsök, below
retek	retket	radish	kt	front unrounded
rücsök	rücsköt	pockmark, knurl, tubercle (any protuberance causing coarseness)	kcs	front rounded
sarok	sarkot / sarkat	corner; heel	kr	back	low-vowel word in one of its two senses (“heel”)
sátor	sátrat	tent	rt	back	low-vowel word
selyem	selymet	silk	mj	front unrounded
sodor	sodrot	current, course	rd	back	used chiefly with a possessive suffix
sólyom	sólymot	falcon, hawk	mj	back
sulyok	sulykot	mallet, battledore, dolly; beater, rammer (historical)	kj	back
sulyom	sulymot	water caltrop; buffalo nut	mj	back
szatyor	szatyrot	bag (for shopping), satchel	rty	back
szeder	szedret	blackberry; bramble; mulberry	rd	front unrounded
szemérem	szemérmet	modesty, pudency	mr	front unrounded	unrelated to érem (“medal”)
szirom	szirmot	petal	mr	back
szitok	szitkot	curse, invective, verbal abuse	kt	back
szobor	szobrot	statue, sculpture	rb	back
szurok	szurkot	pitch, tar	kr	back
szutyok	szutykot	grime, filth, dirt	kty	back
takony	taknyot	snot, nasal mucus	nyt	back
tegez	tegzet	quiver (historical)	zg	front unrounded	also regular
telek	telket	(building) plot/site	kl	front unrounded
terem	termet	hall, room	mr	front unrounded
titok	titkot	secret	kt	back
torok	torkot	throat	kr	back
torony	tornyot	tower	nyr	back
töbör	töbröt	sinkhole, doline, funnel-shaped crater (technical)	rb	front rounded
tulok	tulkot	young bullock, steer (archaic)	kl	back	not to be confused with unrelated tülök, below
tücsök	tücsköt	cricket	kcs	front rounded
tükör	tükröt	mirror	rk	front rounded
tülök	tülköt	klaxon, horn, hooter (historical)	kl	front rounded	archaic alternative form: türök (also with a fleeting vowel) not to be confused with unrelated tulok, above
üröm	ürmöt	wormwood, mugwort, artemisia	mr	front rounded
üszök	üszköt	cinder, ember; firebrand	ksz	front rounded
vacok	vackot	den, lair (literary)	kc	back
vászon	vásznat	linen; cloth; canvas	nsz	back	low-vowel word
veder	vedret	bucket	rd	front unrounded	alternative (less common) form of vödör, below
vékony(a)	véknyat	loin, flank, side (folksy, rare as a noun)	nyk	back	used chiefly with a possessive suffix; the final vowel is preserved in the standard form
verem	vermet	ditch, pit, snare, fall trap	mr	front unrounded
vétek	vétket	trespass, transgression, vice, fault	kt	front unrounded
vöcsök	vöcsköt	grebe	kcs	front rounded	also vicek, vöcsög in regional/archaic form
vödör	vödröt	bucket	rd	front rounded	alternative form of veder, above

• The regional nouns pityer (“pipit, titlark”) and erek (“portico, vestibule, balcony”) may optionally also behave as fleeting-vowel words.
• The nouns sereg (“army”), csegely (“pendentive, spandrel, panache”), and csepely (“sparse shrub”) might behave in regionalism as fleeting-vowel words.
• The noun élet (“life”) may behave in archaism or literary style as a fleeing-vowel word.
• The adjective éber (“awake”) might behave in regionalism as a fleeting-vowel word.
• The rare, archaic noun döbör (“crater”) may optionally also behave as a fleeting-vowel word.
• The archaic noun tőrök (“awl”)^[2] has (had) a fleeting vowel, as well.
• Regional tüsök (“thorn”), an alternative form of standard tüske, as well as regional gyürök (“ring, hoop”) (an alternative form of gyűrű) have fleeting vowels.
• The adjective and noun vacak (“rubbish(y), scrap(py)”) may be treated in regionalism as a fleeting-vowel word (coinciding with forms of vacok, above).
• The archaic nouns balom (“[air-filled] ball”)^[3], cirom (“dirt, filth”)^[4], kotyor (“coppice”)^[5], pucok (“support, prop”)^[6] had fleeting vowels.
• The regional noun gyalom (“drag-net”) had a fleeting vowel.
• The archaic or literary noun gyilok (“dagger, stiletto”) had a fleeting vowel.
• The archaic nouns bucok (“chunk, lump, clod”)^[7], bugoly (“panicle, cluster”), cobor/cubor (“warp beam”)^[8], lobor (“pyramid [shape]”), and szugoly (“nook, corner”) may be treated as fleeting-vowel words.

Verbs

Verbs that behave similarly include the following:

• stems ending in G: ácsorog, andalog, buzog, csavarog, csepereg, csicsereg, csikorog, csorog/csurog, csörög, didereg, dörög, dübörög, dürög, édeleg, émelyeg, enyeleg, érzeleg, fanyalog, feszeleg (rare), fintorog, forog, füstölög, görög (only as a verb), gőzölög, hízeleg, hömpölyög, hörög, hunyorog, imbolyog, inog, kanyarog, kavarog, kéjeleg, kesereg, korog, kóvályog, könyörög, közeleg, kuporog, morog, mosolyog, mozog, nyavalyog, nyikorog, nyüzsög, őgyeleg, párolog, pereg, pezseg, pörög, rezeg (or rezg), sajog, sistereg, sompolyog, sóvárog, sürög, szédeleg, szendereg, támolyog, tántorog, társalog, tekereg, tévelyeg, tiszteleg, toporog, ücsörög, vicsorog, vigyorog, viszolyog, zajog (rare), zavarog, zörög
• stems ending in L: becsmérel, becsül (in certain senses), bérel (also regular), birtokol, csépel, ebédel (now chiefly regular), énekel, érdekel, érdemel, fecsérel, fuldokol (or fuldoklik, below), gátol (also regular), gázol (also regular), gyakorol, gyalogol, gyászol (now chiefly regular), haldokol (or haldoklik, below), helyesel, igényel, indokol (also regular), ingerel, irigyel (also regular), ismétel (also regular), javasol (also regular), jósol (also regular), káromol, kicsinyel*, kóborol (also regular), könyököl (also regular), közöl, kuruzsol (rare), lovagol (also regular), mángorol, merészel (now chiefly regular), mérsékel (also regular), mészárol* (also regular), ócsárol (also regular), orvosol (also regular), ostromol, őröl, panaszol (also regular), pazarol, pecsétel (now chiefly regular), perel (also regular), pótol (now chiefly regular), rabol (now chiefly regular), sínyli*, szagol (now chiefly regular), szerepel (now chiefly regular), tékozol (also regular), térdepel (also regular), torol*, töröl, udvarol (now chiefly regular), üdvözöl, ünnepel, vádol (also regular), vándorol (also regular), varázsol (also regular), vásárol (also regular), vendégel* (now chiefly regular), vezekel (also regular), vezényel (also regular), vezérel (also regular)
  • IK verbs: áramlik, bomlik, botlik*, csuklik, csuszamlik, döglik, fénylik, feslik (or fesel), foszlik, fuldoklik (or fuldokol, above), hajlik, haldoklik (or haldokol, above), hámlik, hasonlik*, ízlik, kéklik, kotlik, magaslik*, omlik (or omol), oszlik, ömlik, romlik, siklik, szólamlik*, szüremlik, világlik, vonaglik, zajlik
• stems ending in R: gyötör, kotor, pödör, sodor, söpör (or seper), tipor
  • IK verbs: ugrik
• stems ending in Z: bélyegez (also regular), börtönöz* (also regular), céloz, címez, elemez, ellenez, érez, fegyverez*, hímez, idegez*, irányoz, jegyez, jelez, jellemez, képez (also regular, partly depending on meaning), kínoz, koboz*, kormányoz, kölcsönöz, lélegez* (and intransitive lélegzik, below), őriz (also regular), ösztönöz, (be)poroz* (regular except with -ás, see also intransitive porzik below), rögtönöz, sebez*, sugároz, szabályoz, szemez (rare), szerez, szoroz, toboroz, túloz, utánoz, végez, versenyez, viszonoz, vonalaz (vonaloz)
  • IK verbs: burjánzik, dohányzik, érzik, fellegzik*, fogzik, habzik, hangzik, hiányzik, hullámzik, lélegzik (and transitive lélegez, above), patakzik, porzik (see also transitive poroz above), rajzik, vérzik, virágzik, visszhangzik, zuhanyzik/zuhanyozik
• other stems (D and M):
  • fürdik; terem (also partly regular; see its conjugation table)

Verbs marked with an asterisk are always or chiefly used with a verbal prefix.

Some verbs with the endings given above are regular (e.g. köhög, hatol, botoz, and kötöz).

Some verbs are not grouped here as only a noun derived from the present participle loses a vowel, and it's lexicalized on its own, e.g. ebédel (“to have lunch”) → ebédelő emberek (“people having lunch”) but ebédlő (“dining room”).