cruaigh

Irish

Alternative forms

• cruadhuigh (obsolete)

Etymology

From Old Irish crúadaigid. By surface analysis, crua +‎ -igh.

Verb

cruaigh (present analytic cruann, future analytic cruafaidh, verbal noun cruachan, past participle cruaite)

1. (transitive, intransitive) to harden, stiffen, toughen, toughen up
2. (intransitive) to set (solidify), firm up (become firmer in consistency), congeal

   Synonyms: stalc, téacht

3. (intransitive) to harden (become less sensitive), grow callous

   Chruaigh a chroí.

   His heart hardened, he grew hard-hearted

4. (intransitive) to become hard, difficult

   Chruaigh an saol le linn an chogaidh.

   Life became hard during the war.

Conjugation

conjugation of cruaigh (first conjugation – C)

		singular			plural			relative	autonomous
		first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative	present	cruaim	cruann tú; cruair†	cruann sé, sí	cruaimid	cruann sibh	cruann siad; cruaid†	a chruann; a chruas / a gcruann*; a gcruas*	cruaitear
	past	chruaigh mé; chruas	chruaigh tú; chruais	chruaigh sé, sí	chruamar; chruaigh muid	chruaigh sibh; chruabhair	chruaigh siad; chruadar	a chruaigh / ar chruaigh*	cruadh
	past habitual	chruainn / gcruainn‡‡	chruaiteá / gcruaiteᇇ	chruadh sé, sí / gcruadh sé, s퇇	chruaimis; chruadh muid / gcruaimis‡‡; gcruadh muid‡‡	chruadh sibh / gcruadh sibh‡‡	chruaidís; chruadh siad / gcruaidís‡‡; gcruadh siad‡‡	a chruadh / a gcruadh*	chruaití / gcruait퇇
future		cruafaidh mé; cruafad	cruafaidh tú; cruafair†	cruafaidh sé, sí	cruafaimid; cruafaidh muid	cruafaidh sibh	cruafaidh siad; cruafaid†	a chruafaidh; a chruafas / a gcruafaidh*; a gcruafas*	cruafar
conditional		chruafainn / gcruafainn‡‡	chruafá / gcruafᇇ	chruafadh sé, sí / gcruafadh sé, s퇇	chruafaimis; chruafadh muid / gcruafaimis‡‡; gcruafadh muid‡‡	chruafadh sibh / gcruafadh sibh‡‡	chruafaidís; chruafadh siad / gcruafaidís‡‡; gcruafadh siad‡‡	a chruafadh / a gcruafadh*	chruafaí / gcruafa퇇
subjunctive	present	go gcrua mé; go gcruad†	go gcrua tú; go gcruair†	go gcrua sé, sí	go gcruaimid; go gcrua muid	go gcrua sibh	go gcrua siad; go gcruaid†	—	go gcruaitear
	past	dá gcruainn	dá gcruaiteá	dá gcruadh sé, sí	dá gcruaimis; dá gcruadh muid	dá gcruadh sibh	dá gcruaidís; dá gcruadh siad	—	dá gcruaití
imperative		cruaim	cruaigh	cruadh sé, sí	cruaimis	cruaigí; cruaidh†	cruaidís	—	cruaitear
verbal noun		cruachan
past participle		cruaite

* indirect relative
† archaic or dialect form
‡‡ dependent form used with particles that trigger eclipsis

Mutation

Irish mutation
Radical	Lenition	Eclipsis
cruaigh	chruaigh	gcruaigh
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

Further reading

• “cruaigh”, in Historical Irish Corpus, 1600–1926, Royal Irish Academy
• G. Toner, M. Ní Mhaonaigh, S. Arbuthnot, D. Wodtko, M.-L. Theuerkauf, editors (2019), “crúadaigid”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
• Dinneen, Patrick S. (1904) “cruaḋaim”, in Foclóir Gaeḋilge agus Béarla, 1st edition, Dublin: Irish Texts Society, page 201
• Dinneen, Patrick S. (1904) “cruaḋuiġim”, in Foclóir Gaeḋilge agus Béarla, 1st edition, Dublin: Irish Texts Society, page 202
• Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977) “cruaigh”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN