χάος
Ancient Greek
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]- (5th BCE Attic) IPA(key): /kʰá.os/
- (1st CE Egyptian) IPA(key): /ˈkʰa.os/
- (4th CE Koine) IPA(key): /ˈxa.os/
- (10th CE Byzantine) IPA(key): /ˈxa.os/
- (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA(key): /ˈxa.os/
Etymology 1
[edit]Likely related to χαῦνος (khaûnos, “porous, loose-grained”) (via an earlier form χάος (kháos) < *χάϝος (*kháwos)), with original meaning "hole, empty space, yawning opening"; from this spring the traditional connections with χάσκω (kháskō, “I gape, yawn”), χήμη (khḗmē, “gaping; clam”). If so, then likely from Proto-Indo-European *gʰeh₂- (“to yawn, gape”); cognates thus include Proto-Germanic *gōmô (“gum, palate”) and Lithuanian gomurỹs (“palate”) (< *gʰéh₂mr̥/n-). The Germanic and Baltic terms probably originally referred to "mouth" before shifting to "palate".[1]
An alternative theory by Furnee connects the word with Proto-Georgian-Zan *qew- (“ravine”).[2]
The oft-compared χώρα (khṓra, “open space, place”) is likely not related.
Noun
[edit]χᾰ́ος • (kháos) n (genitive χᾰ́εος or χᾰ́ους); third declension (singular only, uncountable)
Declension
[edit]Normally, only in singular; but χάη occasionally found.
Descendants
[edit]- Greek: χάος (cháos)
- → English: chaos
- → Armenian: քաոս (kʻaos)
- → Danish: kaos
- → Dutch: gas
- → Georgian: ქაოსი (kaosi)
- → Latin: chaos
- → Russian: ха́о́с (xáós)
- → Old Ruthenian: хаосъ (xaos)
- → Norwegian: kaos
- → Danish: kaos
- → Polish: chaos
- → Swedish: kaos
- → Finnish: kaaos
- → Japanese: カオス
- → Turkish: kaos
Etymology 2
[edit]See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.
Adjective
[edit]χᾰ́ος • (kháos) m or f (neuter χᾰ́ον); second declension
- Alternative spelling of χάϊος (kháïos, “genuine, true”)
Declension
[edit]Number | Singular | Dual | Plural | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Case/Gender | Masculine / Feminine | Neuter | Masculine / Feminine | Neuter | Masculine / Feminine | Neuter | ||||||||
Nominative | χᾰ́ος kháos |
χᾰ́ον kháon |
χᾰ́ω kháō |
χᾰ́ω kháō |
χᾰ́οι kháoi |
χᾰ́ᾰ kháa | ||||||||
Genitive | χᾰ́ου kháou |
χᾰ́ου kháou |
χᾰ́οιν kháoin |
χᾰ́οιν kháoin |
χᾰ́ων kháōn |
χᾰ́ων kháōn | ||||||||
Dative | χᾰ́ῳ kháōi |
χᾰ́ῳ kháōi |
χᾰ́οιν kháoin |
χᾰ́οιν kháoin |
χᾰ́οις kháois |
χᾰ́οις kháois | ||||||||
Accusative | χᾰ́ον kháon |
χᾰ́ον kháon |
χᾰ́ω kháō |
χᾰ́ω kháō |
χᾰ́ους kháous |
χᾰ́ᾰ kháa | ||||||||
Vocative | χᾰ́ε kháe |
χᾰ́ον kháon |
χᾰ́ω kháō |
χᾰ́ω kháō |
χᾰ́οι kháoi |
χᾰ́ᾰ kháa | ||||||||
Derived forms | Adverb | Comparative | Superlative | |||||||||||
χᾰ́ως kháōs |
χᾰώτερος khaṓteros |
χᾰώτᾰτος khaṓtatos | ||||||||||||
Notes: |
|
References
[edit]- ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “χάος, έος, όυς”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1614
- ^ Furnée, Edzard Johan (1979) Vorgriechisch-Kartvelisches: Studien zum ostmediterranen Substrat nebst einem Versuch zu einer neuen pelasgischen Theorie (in German), Editions Peeters, →ISBN, page 34
Further reading
[edit]- “χάος”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- “χάος”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
- χάος in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
- Woodhouse, S. C. (1910) English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language[1], London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited, page 1,006
Greek
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek χάος (kháos). For sense disorder, mess, semantic loan from French chaos (in that sense) from Latin chaos, from Ancient Greek χάος (kháos).[1]
Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]χάος • (cháos) n
- (singular only) chaos
- (singular only, figuratively) disorder, mess
- (singular only, mathematics) chaos
Usage notes
[edit]- Kostas Karyotakis, poem «Φύγε, η καρδιά μου νοσταλγεί» ("Go, my heart is nostalgic") from collection Ελεγεία και Σάτιρες (Elegia and Satires), published in 1927. (Greek text)
- Φύγε κι ἄσε με μοναχό, ποὺ βλέπω νὰ πληθαίνη
ἀπάνω ἡ νύχτα, καὶ βαθιὰ νὰ γίνωνται τὰ χάη.- Fýge ki áse me monachó, pou vlépo na plithaíni
apáno i nýchta, kai vathiá na gínontai ta chái. - Go and leave me alone looking at the growing
night upon [me], and the deepening chaoses.
- Fýge ki áse me monachó, pou vlépo na plithaíni
- Kostas Karyotakis, poem «Φύγε, η καρδιά μου νοσταλγεί» ("Go, my heart is nostalgic") from collection Ελεγεία και Σάτιρες (Elegia and Satires), published in 1927. (Greek text)
Declension
[edit]case \ number | singular | |
---|---|---|
nominative | χάος • | |
genitive | χάους • | |
accusative | χάος • | |
vocative | χάος • | |
Plural χάη, as in literature. |
Synonyms
[edit]- (disorder, chaos): ακαταστασία f (akatastasía)
Derived terms
[edit]- η θεωρία του χάους (i theoría tou cháous, “the chaos theory”) (mathematics)
- χαοτικός (chaotikós, “chaotic”)
References
[edit]- ^ χάος, in Λεξικό της κοινής νεοελληνικής [Dictionary of Standard Modern Greek], Triantafyllidis Foundation, 1998 at the Centre for the Greek language
- ^ χάη in greek poetry at greek-language.gr retr:2018.09.24.
Further reading
[edit]χάος on the Greek Wikipedia.Wikipedia el
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