خندق

Arabic

Etymology

An Iranian borrowing: compare Persian کندک (kandak), کنده (kanda), Old Armenian քանդակ (kʻandak) (also from Iranian).

Verb

خَنْدَقَ • (ḵandaqa) Iq, non-past يُخَنْدِقُ‎ (yuḵandiqu)

1. to dig a trench, to make a trench
2. to dig a moat, to make a moat

Conjugation

Conjugation of

خَنْدَقَ

(form-Iq sound)

verbal noun الْمَصْدَر						خَنْدَقَة ḵandaqa
active participle اِسْم الْفَاعِل						مُخَنْدِق muḵandiq
passive participle اِسْم الْمَفْعُول						مُخَنْدَق muḵandaq
active voice الْفِعْل الْمَعْلُوم
		singular الْمُفْرَد				dual الْمُثَنَّى			plural الْجَمْع
		1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب		2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب		1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي	m	خَنْدَقْتُ ḵandaqtu	خَنْدَقْتَ ḵandaqta	خَنْدَقَ ḵandaqa		خَنْدَقْتُمَا ḵandaqtumā	خَنْدَقَا ḵandaqā		خَنْدَقْنَا ḵandaqnā	خَنْدَقْتُمْ ḵandaqtum	خَنْدَقُوا ḵandaqū
	f		خَنْدَقْتِ ḵandaqti	خَنْدَقَتْ ḵandaqat			خَنْدَقَتَا ḵandaqatā			خَنْدَقْتُنَّ ḵandaqtunna	خَنْدَقْنَ ḵandaqna
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع	m	أُخَنْدِقُ ʔuḵandiqu	تُخَنْدِقُ tuḵandiqu	يُخَنْدِقُ yuḵandiqu		تُخَنْدِقَانِ tuḵandiqāni	يُخَنْدِقَانِ yuḵandiqāni		نُخَنْدِقُ nuḵandiqu	تُخَنْدِقُونَ tuḵandiqūna	يُخَنْدِقُونَ yuḵandiqūna
	f		تُخَنْدِقِينَ tuḵandiqīna	تُخَنْدِقُ tuḵandiqu			تُخَنْدِقَانِ tuḵandiqāni			تُخَنْدِقْنَ tuḵandiqna	يُخَنْدِقْنَ yuḵandiqna
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب	m	أُخَنْدِقَ ʔuḵandiqa	تُخَنْدِقَ tuḵandiqa	يُخَنْدِقَ yuḵandiqa		تُخَنْدِقَا tuḵandiqā	يُخَنْدِقَا yuḵandiqā		نُخَنْدِقَ nuḵandiqa	تُخَنْدِقُوا tuḵandiqū	يُخَنْدِقُوا yuḵandiqū
	f		تُخَنْدِقِي tuḵandiqī	تُخَنْدِقَ tuḵandiqa			تُخَنْدِقَا tuḵandiqā			تُخَنْدِقْنَ tuḵandiqna	يُخَنْدِقْنَ yuḵandiqna
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم	m	أُخَنْدِقْ ʔuḵandiq	تُخَنْدِقْ tuḵandiq	يُخَنْدِقْ yuḵandiq		تُخَنْدِقَا tuḵandiqā	يُخَنْدِقَا yuḵandiqā		نُخَنْدِقْ nuḵandiq	تُخَنْدِقُوا tuḵandiqū	يُخَنْدِقُوا yuḵandiqū
	f		تُخَنْدِقِي tuḵandiqī	تُخَنْدِقْ tuḵandiq			تُخَنْدِقَا tuḵandiqā			تُخَنْدِقْنَ tuḵandiqna	يُخَنْدِقْنَ yuḵandiqna
imperative الْأَمْر	m		خَنْدِقْ ḵandiq			خَنْدِقَا ḵandiqā				خَنْدِقُوا ḵandiqū
	f		خَنْدِقِي ḵandiqī							خَنْدِقْنَ ḵandiqna
passive voice الْفِعْل الْمَجْهُول
		singular الْمُفْرَد				dual الْمُثَنَّى			plural الْجَمْع
		1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب		2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب		1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي	m	خُنْدِقْتُ ḵundiqtu	خُنْدِقْتَ ḵundiqta	خُنْدِقَ ḵundiqa		خُنْدِقْتُمَا ḵundiqtumā	خُنْدِقَا ḵundiqā		خُنْدِقْنَا ḵundiqnā	خُنْدِقْتُمْ ḵundiqtum	خُنْدِقُوا ḵundiqū
	f		خُنْدِقْتِ ḵundiqti	خُنْدِقَتْ ḵundiqat			خُنْدِقَتَا ḵundiqatā			خُنْدِقْتُنَّ ḵundiqtunna	خُنْدِقْنَ ḵundiqna
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع	m	أُخَنْدَقُ ʔuḵandaqu	تُخَنْدَقُ tuḵandaqu	يُخَنْدَقُ yuḵandaqu		تُخَنْدَقَانِ tuḵandaqāni	يُخَنْدَقَانِ yuḵandaqāni		نُخَنْدَقُ nuḵandaqu	تُخَنْدَقُونَ tuḵandaqūna	يُخَنْدَقُونَ yuḵandaqūna
	f		تُخَنْدَقِينَ tuḵandaqīna	تُخَنْدَقُ tuḵandaqu			تُخَنْدَقَانِ tuḵandaqāni			تُخَنْدَقْنَ tuḵandaqna	يُخَنْدَقْنَ yuḵandaqna
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب	m	أُخَنْدَقَ ʔuḵandaqa	تُخَنْدَقَ tuḵandaqa	يُخَنْدَقَ yuḵandaqa		تُخَنْدَقَا tuḵandaqā	يُخَنْدَقَا yuḵandaqā		نُخَنْدَقَ nuḵandaqa	تُخَنْدَقُوا tuḵandaqū	يُخَنْدَقُوا yuḵandaqū
	f		تُخَنْدَقِي tuḵandaqī	تُخَنْدَقَ tuḵandaqa			تُخَنْدَقَا tuḵandaqā			تُخَنْدَقْنَ tuḵandaqna	يُخَنْدَقْنَ yuḵandaqna
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم	m	أُخَنْدَقْ ʔuḵandaq	تُخَنْدَقْ tuḵandaq	يُخَنْدَقْ yuḵandaq		تُخَنْدَقَا tuḵandaqā	يُخَنْدَقَا yuḵandaqā		نُخَنْدَقْ nuḵandaq	تُخَنْدَقُوا tuḵandaqū	يُخَنْدَقُوا yuḵandaqū
	f		تُخَنْدَقِي tuḵandaqī	تُخَنْدَقْ tuḵandaq			تُخَنْدَقَا tuḵandaqā			تُخَنْدَقْنَ tuḵandaqna	يُخَنْدَقْنَ yuḵandaqna

Noun

خَنْدَق • (ḵandaq) m (plural خَنَادِق (ḵanādiq))

1. trench
2. moat

Declension

Declension of noun خَنْدَق (ḵandaq)

Singular	basic singular triptote
	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	خَنْدَق ḵandaq	الْخَنْدَق al-ḵandaq	خَنْدَق ḵandaq
Nominative	خَنْدَقٌ ḵandaqun	الْخَنْدَقُ al-ḵandaqu	خَنْدَقُ ḵandaqu
Accusative	خَنْدَقًا ḵandaqan	الْخَنْدَقَ al-ḵandaqa	خَنْدَقَ ḵandaqa
Genitive	خَنْدَقٍ ḵandaqin	الْخَنْدَقِ al-ḵandaqi	خَنْدَقِ ḵandaqi
Dual	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	خَنْدَقَيْن ḵandaqayn	الْخَنْدَقَيْن al-ḵandaqayn	خَنْدَقَيْ ḵandaqay
Nominative	خَنْدَقَانِ ḵandaqāni	الْخَنْدَقَانِ al-ḵandaqāni	خَنْدَقَا ḵandaqā
Accusative	خَنْدَقَيْنِ ḵandaqayni	الْخَنْدَقَيْنِ al-ḵandaqayni	خَنْدَقَيْ ḵandaqay
Genitive	خَنْدَقَيْنِ ḵandaqayni	الْخَنْدَقَيْنِ al-ḵandaqayni	خَنْدَقَيْ ḵandaqay
Plural	basic broken plural diptote
	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	خَنَادِق ḵanādiq	الْخَنَادِق al-ḵanādiq	خَنَادِق ḵanādiq
Nominative	خَنَادِقُ ḵanādiqu	الْخَنَادِقُ al-ḵanādiqu	خَنَادِقُ ḵanādiqu
Accusative	خَنَادِقَ ḵanādiqa	الْخَنَادِقَ al-ḵanādiqa	خَنَادِقَ ḵanādiqa
Genitive	خَنَادِقَ ḵanādiqa	الْخَنَادِقِ al-ḵanādiqi	خَنَادِقِ ḵanādiqi

Descendants

• → Old Armenian: խանդակ (xandak)
  • Middle Armenian: խանդակ (xandak)
    • → Armenian: խանդակ (xandak)
• → Middle Armenian: խանտակ (xantak)
• → Byzantine Greek: Χάνδαξ (Khándax), Χάνδακας (Khándakas)
  • → Latin: Candia
    • → English: Candy
  • ⇒ Byzantine Greek: χανδάκιον (khandákion), χαντάκιον (khantákion)
    • Greek: χαντάκι (chantáki), χανδάκι (chandáki)
• → Northern Kurdish: xendek, xendeq
• → Persian: خندق (xandaq), کنده (kanda), کندک (kandak), خندک (xandak)
  • → Azerbaijani: xəndək
  • → Hindustani:

    Hindi: खन्दक (khandak)

    Urdu: خندق (xandaq)

    Marathi: खंदक (khandak)

    Kannada: ಕಂದಕ (kandaka)

    Konkani: खंदक (khandak)

    Odia: ଖନ୍ଦକ (khôndôkô)

    Punjabi: ਖੱਡਾ (khaḍḍā)

    Telugu: కందకము (kandakamu)

  • → Ottoman Turkish: خندق (hendek)
    • Turkish: hendek
    • → Albanian: hendek
    • → Aromanian: hãndac, hãnacup, hãndachi, hindechi, endec, endecu
    • → Middle Armenian: խէնտէկ (xēntēk), խէնդէկ (xēndēk)
    • → Serbo-Croatian: јѐндек / jendek
• → Swahili: handaki
• → Tajik: хандақ (xandaq)
  • → Uzbek: xandaq

Further reading

• Ačaṙean, Hračʻeay (1973) “խանդակ”, in Hayerēn armatakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), 2nd edition, a reprint of the original 1926–1935 seven-volume edition, volume II, Yerevan: University Press, page 330b

Ottoman Turkish

خندق

Etymology

Borrowed from Persian خندق (xandaq), itself from Arabic خَنْدَق (ḵandaq, “trench, moat”).

Noun

خندق • (hendek) (plural خنادق (henadik))

1. (military) trench, a narrow excavation as used in warfare
2. moat, a deep and defensive ditch normally filled with water
3. (in general) ditch, trench, gutter, any long, shallow indentation

   Synonym: آرق (ark) (irrigation ditch)

Derived terms

• برج خندغی (burc hendeği, “fosse, moat”)
• صو خندغی (su hendeği, “moat”)
• قورو خندغی (kuru hendeği, “dried ditch”)

 

Descendants

• Turkish: hendek
• → Albanian: hendek
• → Aromanian: hãndac, hãnacup, hãndachi, hindechi, endec, endecu
• → Middle Armenian: խէնտէկ (xēntēk), խէնդէկ (xēndēk)
• → Serbo-Croatian: јѐндек / jendek

Further reading

• Çağbayır, Yaşar (2007) “hendek”, in Ötüken Türkçe Sözlük (in Turkish), volume 1, Istanbul: Ötüken Neşriyat, page 1932
• Hindoglu, Artin (1838) “خندق”, in Hazine-i lûgat ou dictionnaire abrégé turc-français‎^[1], Vienna: F. Beck, page 212b
• Kélékian, Diran (1911) “خندق”, in Dictionnaire turc-français‎^[2], Constantinople: Mihran, page 552
• Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1687) “Fossa”, in Complementum thesauri linguarum orientalium, seu onomasticum latino-turcico-arabico-persicum, simul idem index verborum lexici turcico-arabico-persici, quod latinâ, germanicâ, aliarumque linguarum adjectâ nomenclatione nuper in lucem editum‎^[3], Vienna, column 608
• Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1680) “خندق”, in Thesaurus linguarum orientalium, Turcicae, Arabicae, Persicae, praecipuas earum opes à Turcis peculiariter usurpatas continens, nimirum Lexicon Turkico-Arabico-Persicum‎^[4], Vienna, column 1951
• Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “hendek”, in Nişanyan Sözlük
• Redhouse, James W. (1890) “خندق”, in A Turkish and English Lexicon‎^[5], Constantinople: A. H. Boyajian, page 866

Persian

Alternative forms

• کنده (kanda), کندک (kandak), خندک (xandak)

Etymology

From Arabic خَنْدَق (ḵandaq), from Middle Persian *handag (whence Persian هندک (handak, “moat”)).

Pronunciation

• (Classical Persian) IPA^(key): [xan.daq]

 

• (Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [xän̪.d̪äq]

• (Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [xän̪.d̪äq]
  • (Kabuli) IPA^(key): [xän̪.d̪äq]
  • (Hazaragi) IPA^(key): [xän̪.d̪äq]

• (Iran, formal) IPA^(key): [xæn̪.d̪æɢ̥]

• (Tajik, formal) IPA^(key): [χän̪.d̪äq]

Readings
Classical reading?	xandaq
Dari reading?	xandaq
Iranian reading?	xandağ
Tajik reading?	xandaq

Noun

خندق • (xandaq) (plural خندق‌ها (xandaq-hâ))

1. moat

Descendants

• → Azerbaijani: xəndək
• → Hindustani:

  Hindi: खन्दक (khandak)

  Urdu: خندق (xandaq)

  Marathi: खंदक (khandak)

  Kannada: ಕಂದಕ (kandaka)

  Konkani: खंदक (khandak)

  Odia: ଖନ୍ଦକ (khôndôkô)

  Punjabi: ਖੱਡਾ (khaḍḍā)

  Telugu: కందకము (kandakamu)

• → Ottoman Turkish: خندق (hendek)
  • Turkish: hendek
  • → Albanian: hendek
  • → Aromanian: hãndac, hãnacup, hãndachi, hindechi, endec, endecu
  • → Middle Armenian: խէնտէկ (xēntēk), խէնդէկ (xēndēk)
  • → Serbo-Croatian: јѐндек / jendek