πρῶτος

See also: πρωτός and πρώτος

Ancient Greek

Ancient Greek numbers ^(edit)

		10
		α’ 1	2  →	10  →
Cardinal: εἷς (heîs)     Ordinal: πρῶτος (prôtos)     Adverbial: ᾰ̔́πᾰξ (hắpăx)     Collective: μονᾰ́ς (monắs)

Alternative forms

• πρᾶτος (prâtos) — Doric

Etymology

From πρό (pró, “before”) +‎ -ᾰτος (-ătos, superlative suffix), from Proto-Hellenic *pro-atos.. Compare ἔσχᾰτος (éskhătos, “furthest”) and ῠ̔́πᾰτος (hŭ́pătos, “highest”).

Potentially also from a Proto-Indo-European *pr̥H- or *per-, with cognates including Lithuanian pirmas, Sanskrit पूर्व (pūrva), and Avestan 𐬞𐬀𐬎𐬭𐬬𐬀 (paurva). The ω (ō) and ᾱ (ā) forms are difficult to reconcile.

Pronunciation

 

• IPA^(key): /prɔ̂ː.tos/ → /ˈpro.tos/ → /ˈpro.tos/

• (5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /prɔ̂ː.tos/
• (1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /ˈpro.tos/
• (4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /ˈpro.tos/
• (10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /ˈpro.tos/
• (15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /ˈpro.tos/

Adjective

πρῶτος • (prôtos) m (feminine πρώτη, neuter πρῶτον); first/second declension

1. first
2. earliest

   Antonym: ἔσχᾰτος (éskhătos)

3. foremost, most prominent
4. (mathematics) prime

Declension

First and second declension of πρῶτος; πρώτη; πρῶτον (Attic)

Number		Singular				Dual				Plural
Case/Gender		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative		πρῶτος prôtos	πρώτη prṓtē	πρῶτον prôton		πρώτω prṓtō	πρώτᾱ prṓtā	πρώτω prṓtō		πρῶτοι prôtoi	πρῶται prôtai	πρῶτᾰ prôtă
Genitive		πρώτου prṓtou	πρώτης prṓtēs	πρώτου prṓtou		πρώτοιν prṓtoin	πρώταιν prṓtain	πρώτοιν prṓtoin		πρώτων prṓtōn	πρώτων prṓtōn	πρώτων prṓtōn
Dative		πρώτῳ prṓtōi	πρώτῃ prṓtēi	πρώτῳ prṓtōi		πρώτοιν prṓtoin	πρώταιν prṓtain	πρώτοιν prṓtoin		πρώτοις prṓtois	πρώταις prṓtais	πρώτοις prṓtois
Accusative		πρῶτον prôton	πρώτην prṓtēn	πρῶτον prôton		πρώτω prṓtō	πρώτᾱ prṓtā	πρώτω prṓtō		πρώτους prṓtous	πρώτᾱς prṓtās	πρῶτᾰ prôtă
Vocative		πρῶτε prôte	πρώτη prṓtē	πρῶτον prôton		πρώτω prṓtō	πρώτᾱ prṓtā	πρώτω prṓtō		πρῶτοι prôtoi	πρῶται prôtai	πρῶτᾰ prôtă
Derived forms		Adverb				Comparative				Superlative
		πρῶτον πρῶτᾰ πρώτως prôton prôtă prṓtōs				—				—
Notes:		This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension.

First and second declension of πρῶτος; πρώτη; πρῶτον (Epic)

Number		Singular				Dual				Plural
Case/Gender		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative		πρῶτος prôtos	πρώτη prṓtē	πρῶτον prôton		πρώτω prṓtō	πρώτᾱ prṓtā	πρώτω prṓtō		πρῶτοι prôtoi	πρῶται prôtai	πρῶτᾰ prôtă
Genitive		πρώτοιο πρώτοο πρώτου prṓtoio prṓtoo prṓtou	πρώτης prṓtēs	πρώτοιο πρώτοο πρώτου prṓtoio prṓtoo prṓtou		πρώτοιῐ̈ν prṓtoiĭ̈n	πρώταιῐ̈ν prṓtaiĭ̈n	πρώτοιῐ̈ν prṓtoiĭ̈n		πρώτων prṓtōn	πρωτᾱ́ων πρωτέων πρωτῶν prōtā́ōn prōtéōn prōtôn	πρώτων prṓtōn
Dative		πρώτῳ prṓtōi	πρώτῃ prṓtēi	πρώτῳ prṓtōi		πρώτοιῐ̈ν prṓtoiĭ̈n	πρώταιῐ̈ν prṓtaiĭ̈n	πρώτοιῐ̈ν prṓtoiĭ̈n		πρώτοισῐ πρώτοισῐν πρώτοις prṓtoisĭ(n) prṓtois	πρώτῃσῐ πρώτῃσῐν πρώτῃς prṓtēisĭ(n) prṓtēis	πρώτοισῐ πρώτοισῐν πρώτοις prṓtoisĭ(n) prṓtois
Accusative		πρῶτον prôton	πρώτην prṓtēn	πρῶτον prôton		πρώτω prṓtō	πρώτᾱ prṓtā	πρώτω prṓtō		πρώτους prṓtous	πρώτᾱς prṓtās	πρῶτᾰ prôtă
Vocative		πρῶτε prôte	πρώτη prṓtē	πρῶτον prôton		πρώτω prṓtō	πρώτᾱ prṓtā	πρώτω prṓtō		πρῶτοι prôtoi	πρῶται prôtai	πρῶτᾰ prôtă
Derived forms		Adverb				Comparative				Superlative
		πρῶτον πρῶτᾰ πρώτως prôton prôtă prṓtōs				—				—
Notes:		Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms may be based on conjecture. Use with caution.

First and second declension of πρῶτος; πρώτη; πρῶτον (Ionic)

Number		Singular				Dual				Plural
Case/Gender		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative		πρῶτος prôtos	πρώτη prṓtē	πρῶτον prôton		πρώτω prṓtō	πρώτᾱ prṓtā	πρώτω prṓtō		πρῶτοι prôtoi	πρῶται prôtai	πρῶτᾰ prôtă
Genitive		πρώτου prṓtou	πρώτης prṓtēs	πρώτου prṓtou		πρώτοιν prṓtoin	πρώταιν prṓtain	πρώτοιν prṓtoin		πρώτων prṓtōn	πρωτέων πρωτῶν prōtéōn prōtôn	πρώτων prṓtōn
Dative		πρώτῳ prṓtōi	πρώτῃ prṓtēi	πρώτῳ prṓtōi		πρώτοιν prṓtoin	πρώταιν prṓtain	πρώτοιν prṓtoin		πρώτοισῐ πρώτοισῐν prṓtoisĭ(n)	πρώτῃσῐ πρώτῃσῐν prṓtēisĭ(n)	πρώτοισῐ πρώτοισῐν prṓtoisĭ(n)
Accusative		πρῶτον prôton	πρώτην prṓtēn	πρῶτον prôton		πρώτω prṓtō	πρώτᾱ prṓtā	πρώτω prṓtō		πρώτους prṓtous	πρώτᾱς prṓtās	πρῶτᾰ prôtă
Vocative		πρῶτε prôte	πρώτη prṓtē	πρῶτον prôton		πρώτω prṓtō	πρώτᾱ prṓtā	πρώτω prṓtō		πρῶτοι prôtoi	πρῶται prôtai	πρῶτᾰ prôtă
Derived forms		Adverb				Comparative				Superlative
		πρῶτον πρῶτᾰ πρώτως prôton prôtă prṓtōs				—				—
Notes:		Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms may be based on conjecture. Use with caution.

First and second declension of πρᾶτος; πρᾱ́τᾱ; πρᾶτον (Doric)

Number		Singular				Dual				Plural
Case/Gender		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative		πρᾶτος prâtos	πρᾱ́τᾱ prā́tā	πρᾶτον prâton		πρᾱ́τω prā́tō	πρᾱ́τᾱ prā́tā	πρᾱ́τω prā́tō		πρᾶτοι prâtoi	πρᾶται prâtai	πρᾶτᾰ prâtă
Genitive		πρᾱ́του prā́tou	πρᾱ́τᾱς prā́tās	πρᾱ́του prā́tou		πρᾱ́τοιν prā́toin	πρᾱ́ταιν prā́tain	πρᾱ́τοιν prā́toin		πρᾱ́των prā́tōn	πρᾱτᾶν prātân	πρᾱ́των prā́tōn
Dative		πρᾱ́τῳ prā́tōi	πρᾱ́τᾳ prā́tāi	πρᾱ́τῳ prā́tōi		πρᾱ́τοιν prā́toin	πρᾱ́ταιν prā́tain	πρᾱ́τοιν prā́toin		πρᾱ́τοις prā́tois	πρᾱ́ταις prā́tais	πρᾱ́τοις prā́tois
Accusative		πρᾶτον prâton	πρᾱ́τᾱν prā́tān	πρᾶτον prâton		πρᾱ́τω prā́tō	πρᾱ́τᾱ prā́tā	πρᾱ́τω prā́tō		πρᾱ́τους prā́tous	πρᾱ́τᾱς prā́tās	πρᾶτᾰ prâtă
Vocative		πρᾶτε prâte	πρᾱ́τᾱ prā́tā	πρᾶτον prâton		πρᾱ́τω prā́tō	πρᾱ́τᾱ prā́tā	πρᾱ́τω prā́tō		πρᾶτοι prâtoi	πρᾶται prâtai	πρᾶτᾰ prâtă
Derived forms		Adverb				Comparative				Superlative
		πρᾶτον πρᾶτᾰ πράτως prâton prâtă prátōs				—				—
Notes:		Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms may be based on conjecture. Use with caution.

Derived terms

• ἑβδομηκοστόπρωτος (hebdomēkostóprōtos, “seventy-first”)
• πάμπρωτος (pámprōtos)
• πρωτεῖος (prōteîos)
• πρωτολόγος (prōtológos)

Descendants

• Greek: πρώτος (prótos)
• Mariupol Greek: про́тос (prótos)
• → English: proto-
• → French: proto-
• → Italian: proto-
• → Latvian: proto-
• → Spanish: proto-

Further reading

• “πρῶτος”, in Liddell & Scott (1940), A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “πρῶτος”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891), A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
• πρῶτος in Bailly, Anatole (1935), Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
• Bauer, Walter et al. (2001), A Greek–English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, Third edition, Chicago: University of Chicago Press
• πρῶτος in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924), A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
• “πρῶτος”, in Slater, William J. (1969), Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
• G4413 in Strong, James (1979), Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
• Woodhouse, S. C. (1910), English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language‎^[1], London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited.
  • champion idem, page 123.
  • chief idem, page 129.
  • elementary idem, page 265.
  • first idem, page 323.
  • foremost idem, page 336.
  • front idem, page 346.
  • head idem, page 389.
  • initial idem, page 441.
  • leading idem, page 482.
  • main idem, page 508.
  • original idem, page 579.
  • primal idem, page 640.
  • primary idem, page 640.
  • prime idem, page 640.
  • primordial idem, page 641.
  • principal idem, page 641.
  • rudimentary idem, page 724.
  • supreme idem, page 842.
  • top idem, page 881.