χίλιοι

Ancient Greek

Ancient Greek numbers ^(edit)

		10,000
←  100	←  900	͵α 1,000	2,000  →	10,000  →
		100
Cardinal: χῑ́λῐοι (khī́lĭoi)     Ordinal: χῑλῐοστός (khīlĭostós)     Adverbial: χῑλῐάκῐς (khīlĭákĭs)

Alternative forms

• χῑ́λι’ (khī́li’) — contracted
• χείλιοι (kheílioi) — Ionic
• χήλιοι (khḗlioi), χέλιοι (khélioi) — Laconian
• χέλλιοι (khéllioi) — Lesbian, Thessalian

Etymology

From Proto-Hellenic *kʰehliyoi, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰesliyoy, from *ǵʰes-, whence χείρ (kheír)), as if meaning “full hand”. Cognates include Sanskrit सहस्र (sahásra) and Latin mīlle.

Pronunciation

 

• IPA^(key): /kʰǐː.li.oi̯/ → /ˈçi.li.y/ → /ˈçi.li.i/

• (5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /kʰǐː.li.oi̯/
• (1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /ˈkʰi.li.y/
• (4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /ˈçi.li.y/
• (10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /ˈçi.li.y/
• (15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /ˈçi.li.i/

Numeral

χῑ́λῐοι • (khī́lĭoi) (feminine χῑ́λῐαι, neuter χῑ́λῐα)

1. thousand
   • c. 177 CE, Aulus Gellius, Noctes Atticae (in Latin) 1.16.8:

     “Mille” enim non pro eo ponitur, quod Graece χίλιοι dicitur, sed quod χιλιάς et sicuti una χιλιὰς et duae χιλιάδες, ita “unum mille” et “duo milia” certa atque directa ratione dicitur.

     Because mille is not put for what is said χίλιοι in Greek but for χιλιάς and is like one χιλιὰς and two χιλιάδες, thus unum mille and duo milia are said with certain and straight mind.

   • c. 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 7.470–471:

     χωρὶς δ’ Ἀτρεΐδῃς Ἀγαμέμνονι καὶ Μενελάῳ
     δῶκεν Ἰησονίδης ἀγέμεν μέθυ χίλια μέτρα.

     khōrìs d’ Atreḯdēis Agamémnoni kaì Meneláōi
     dôken Iēsonídēs agémen méthu khília métra.

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

Declension

First and second declension of χῑ́λῐοι; χῑ́λῐαι; χῑ́λῐᾰ (Attic)

Number		Plural
Case/Gender		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative		χῑ́λῐοι khī́lĭoi	χῑ́λῐαι khī́lĭai	χῑ́λῐᾰ khī́lĭă
Genitive		χῑλῐ́ων khīlĭ́ōn	χῑλῐ́ων χῑλῐῶν khīlĭ́ōn khīlĭôn	χῑλῐ́ων khīlĭ́ōn
Dative		χῑλῐ́οις khīlĭ́ois	χῑλῐ́αις khīlĭ́ais	χῑλῐ́οις khīlĭ́ois
Accusative		χῑλῐ́ους khīlĭ́ous	χῑλῐ́ᾱς khīlĭ́ās	χῑ́λῐᾰ khī́lĭă
Vocative		χῑ́λῐοι khī́lĭoi	χῑ́λῐαι khī́lĭai	χῑ́λῐᾰ khī́lĭă
Notes:		This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension. Singular forms are used with collective nouns.

First and second declension of χῑ́λῐοι; χῑ́λῐαι; χῑ́λῐᾰ (Old Attic)

Number		Plural
Case/Gender		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative		χῑ́λῐοι khī́lĭoi	χῑ́λῐαι khī́lĭai	χῑ́λῐᾰ khī́lĭă
Genitive		χῑλῐ́ων khīlĭ́ōn	χῑλῐ́ων χῑλῐῶν khīlĭ́ōn khīlĭôn	χῑλῐ́ων khīlĭ́ōn
Dative		χῑλῐ́οισῐ χῑλῐ́οισῐν khīlĭ́oisĭ(n)	χῑλῐ́ᾱσῐ χῑλῐ́ᾱσῐν χῑλῐ́ᾳσῐ χῑλῐ́ᾳσῐν khīlĭ́āsĭ(n) khīlĭ́āisĭ(n)	χῑλῐ́οισῐ χῑλῐ́οισῐν khīlĭ́oisĭ(n)
Accusative		χῑλῐ́ους khīlĭ́ous	χῑλῐ́ᾱς khīlĭ́ās	χῑ́λῐᾰ khī́lĭă
Vocative		χῑ́λῐοι khī́lĭoi	χῑ́λῐαι khī́lĭai	χῑ́λῐᾰ khī́lĭă
Notes:		Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms may be based on conjecture. Use with caution. Singular forms are used with collective nouns.

First and second declension of χῑ́λῐοι; χῑ́λῐαι; χῑ́λῐᾰ (Ionic)

Number		Plural
Case/Gender		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative		χῑ́λῐοι khī́lĭoi	χῑ́λῐαι khī́lĭai	χῑ́λῐᾰ khī́lĭă
Genitive		χῑλῐ́ων khīlĭ́ōn	χῑλῐέων χῑλῐῶν khīlĭéōn khīlĭôn	χῑλῐ́ων khīlĭ́ōn
Dative		χῑλῐ́οισῐ χῑλῐ́οισῐν khīlĭ́oisĭ(n)	χῑλῐ́ῃσῐ χῑλῐ́ῃσῐν khīlĭ́ēisĭ(n)	χῑλῐ́οισῐ χῑλῐ́οισῐν khīlĭ́oisĭ(n)
Accusative		χῑλῐ́ους khīlĭ́ous	χῑλῐ́ᾱς khīlĭ́ās	χῑ́λῐᾰ khī́lĭă
Vocative		χῑ́λῐοι khī́lĭoi	χῑ́λῐαι khī́lĭai	χῑ́λῐᾰ khī́lĭă
Notes:		Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms may be based on conjecture. Use with caution. Singular forms are used with collective nouns.

Derived terms

• χελληστύς (khellēstús)
• χιλιάζω (khiliázō)
• χιλιάς (khiliás)
• χιλιαστήρ (khiliastḗr)
• χιλιαστύς (khiliastús)
• χιλιόμβη (khiliómbē)
• χιλιόναυς (khiliónaus)
• χιλιοναύτης (khilionaútēs)
• χιλιόομαι (khilióomai)
• χιλιοστός (khiliostós)
• χιλιοστύς (khiliostús)

Descendants

• Byzantine Greek:
  • Greek: χίλια (chília)
  • Mariupol Greek: ши́ля (šílja)
  • Pontic Greek: χ̌ίλι̮α (šíli̮a), χ̌ίλα̤ (šílä)
    • → Laz: შილია (şilia), შილჲა (şilya)

Further reading

• “χίλιοι”, in Liddell & Scott (1940), A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “χίλιοι”, in Liddell & Scott (1889), An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
• “χίλιοι”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891), A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
• “χίλιοι” in Bailly, Anatole (1935), Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
• Bauer, Walter et al. (2001), A Greek–English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, Third edition, Chicago: University of Chicago Press
• χίλιοι in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924), A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
• G5507 in Strong, James (1979), Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
• Woodhouse, S. C. (1910), English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language‎^[1], London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited.
  • thousand idem, page 868.
• Pokorny, Julius (1959), Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), Bern, München: Francke Verlag
• χίλιοι, in ΛΟΓΕΙΟΝ [Logeion] Dictionaries for Ancient Greek and Latin (in English, French, Spanish, German, Dutch and Chinese), University of Chicago, since 2011