труд

Bulgarian

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *trudъ.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [trut]

• Audio (Standard Bulgarian):

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ut

Noun

труд • (trud) m (relational adjective тру́ден or тру́дов)

1. (uncountable) effort, burden, trouble

   с много труд ― s mnogo trud ― with difficulty, tiresomely (literally, “with much effort”)

   полагам труд ― polagam trud ― to put effort

2. (uncountable) work, labour (UK) / labor (US)

   физически труд ― fizičeski trud ― physical work

   интелектуален труд ― intelektualen trud ― intellectual work

3. (countable) work, product, result of one's efforts; (in academia) published work

   научни трудове ― naučni trudove ― academic publications

   живея от нечий труд

   živeja ot nečij trud

   to live out of the results [achieved] by s.o.

Declension

Declension of труд

	singular	plural
indefinite	труд trud	тру́дове trúdove
definite (subject form)	трудъ́т trudǎ́t	тру́довете trúdovete
definite (object form)	труда́ trudá
count form	—	тру́да trúda

Derived terms

nouns

• сътру́дник m (sǎtrúdnik), сътру́дница f (sǎtrúdnica)
• (agent nouns) трудова́к (trudovák), тру́женик (trúženik)

verbs

• (factitive) тру́дя се (trúdja se)

compounds

• трудо- (trudo-)
  • трудое́мък (trudoémǎk, “labor-intensive”)
  • трудолю́бив (trudoljúbiv, “hard-working”)

References

• “труд”, in Речник на българския език [Dictionary of the Bulgarian Language] (in Bulgarian), Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2014
• “труд”, in Речник на българския език [Dictionary of the Bulgarian Language] (in Bulgarian), Chitanka, 2010
• Nayden Gerov; Тодор Панчев (1904), “трудъ”, in Рѣчникъ на Блъгарскꙑй язꙑкъ. Съ тлъкувание рѣчи-тꙑ на Блъгарскꙑ и на Русскꙑ. [Dictionary of the Bulgarian language] (in Bulgarian), volume 5, Plovdiv: Дружествена печꙗтница "Съгласие.", page 360

Macedonian

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *trudъ.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [trut]
• Homophone: трут (trut)
• Rhymes: -ut

Noun

труд • (trud) m (relational adjective труден)

1. effort, endeavor
2. work (something produced by effort)
3. labour (e.g. child labour)

Declension

Declension of труд

	singular	plural
indefinite	труд (trud)	трудови (trudovi)
definite unspecified	трудот (trudot)	трудовите (trudovite)
definite proximal	трудов (trudov)	трудовиве (trudovive)
definite distal	трудон (trudon)	трудовине (trudovine)
vocative	труду (trudu)	трудови (trudovi)
count form	—	труда (truda)

Russian

Alternative forms

• трудъ (trud) — pre-1918 spelling

Etymology

Inherited from Old East Slavic трудъ (trudŭ), from Proto-Slavic *trudъ, from Proto-Indo-European *trewd-, whence also English threat.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [trut]

• Audio:

  (file)

• Homophone: трут (trut)
• Rhymes: -ut

Noun

труд • (trud) m inan (genitive труда́, nominative plural труды́, genitive plural трудо́в, relational adjective трудово́й)

1. (usually uncountable) work, labor/labour
2. (usually uncountable) effort, pains
3. (countable, literary) work (of literature or scholarly publication)

   собра́ние трудо́в Да́рвина ― sobránije trudóv Dárvina ― Darwin's collected works

4. (singular only) shop, handicrafts (a school class teaching basic vocational skills and working with one's hands)

Declension

Declension of труд (inan masc-form hard-stem accent-b) 

	singular	plural
nominative	тру́д trúd	труды́ trudý
genitive	труда́ trudá	трудо́в trudóv
dative	труду́ trudú	труда́м trudám
accusative	тру́д trúd	труды́ trudý
instrumental	трудо́м trudóm	труда́ми trudámi
prepositional	труде́ trudé	труда́х trudáx

Derived terms

Compound words:

• трудоёмкость f (trudojómkostʹ)
• трудозатра́ты pl (trudozatráty)
• трудоустро́ить pf (trudoustróitʹ), трудоустра́ивать impf (trudoustráivatʹ)
• трудоустро́йство n (trudoustrójstvo)

Phrases

• свежо́ преда́ние, да ве́рится с трудо́м (svežó predánije, da véritsja s trudóm)

Proverbs

• терпе́ние и труд всё перетру́т (terpénije i trud vsjo peretrút)

Related terms

• с трудо́м (s trudóm)
• сотру́дник m anim (sotrúdnik)
• труди́ть (trudítʹ)
• тру́дный (trúdnyj)
• трудови́к m anim (trudovík)
• трудя́га m anim or f anim (trudjága)
• трудя́щийся (trudjáščijsja)
• тру́женик m anim (trúženik)

See also

• рабо́та (rabóta)

Further reading

• Dal, Vladimir (1880–1882), “труд”, in Толковый Словарь живаго великорускаго языка [Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language] (in Russian), 2nd edition, Publication of the bookseller-typographer Wolf, M. O.

Serbo-Croatian

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *trudъ.

Noun

тру̑д m inan (Latin spelling trȗd)

1. effort, hard work
2. (plural) contractions (while giving birth)

Declension

Declension of труд

	singular	plural
nominative	труд	тру́дови / тру̑ди
genitive	труда	трудова / труда
dative	труду	трудовима / трудима
accusative	труд	трудове / труде
vocative	труде	трудови / труди
locative	труду	трудовима / трудима
instrumental	трудом	трудовима / трудима

Ukrainian

Etymology

Inherited from Old Ruthenian трꙋдъ (trud), from Old East Slavic трꙋдъ (trudŭ), from Proto-Slavic *trudъ.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [trud]

• Audio:

  (file)

• Homophone: трут (trut)

Noun

труд • (trud) m inan (genitive труда́, nominative plural труди́, genitive plural труді́в, relational adjective трудови́й)

1. labour, hard work, toil

   Synonyms: пра́ця (prácja), робо́та (robóta)

2. effort, pains
3. work (product; the result of effort)

Declension

Declension of труд
(inan hard masc-form accent-b)

	singular	plural
nominative	труд trud	труди́ trudý
genitive	труда́ trudá	труді́в trudív
dative	трудо́ві, труду́ trudóvi, trudú	труда́м trudám
accusative	труд trud	труди́ trudý
instrumental	трудо́м trudóm	труда́ми trudámy
locative	труді́ trudí	труда́х trudáx
vocative	тру́де trúde	труди́ trudý

Derived terms

• труда́р m (trudár)
• труди́ти impf (trudýty)
• трудівли́вий (trudivlývyj)
• трудівни́к m (trudivnýk), трудівни́ця f (trudivnýcja)
• трудкни́жка f (trudknýžka)
• трудколо́нія f (trudkolónija)
• тру́дний (trúdnyj)
• трудови́к m (trudovýk)
• трудовлашто́ваний (trudovlaštóvanyj)
• трудовлаштува́ння n (trudovlaštuvánnja)
• трудо́вник m (trudóvnyk), трудо́вниця f (trudóvnycja)
• трудого́лік m (trudohólik)
• трудоде́нь m (trudodénʹ)
• трудолю́б m (trudoljúb)
• трудомістки́й (trudomistkýj)
• трудотерапі́я f (trudoterapíja)
• трудшко́ла f (trudškóla)
• трудя́га gender-neutral (trudjáha)
• трудя́к m (trudják)
• трудя́ка gender-neutral (trudjáka)

References

• Bilodid, I. K., editor (1970–1980), “труд”, in Словник української мови: в 11 т. [Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language: in 11 vols] (in Ukrainian), Kyiv: Naukova Dumka
• Shyrokov, V. A., editor (2010–2025), “труд”, in Словник української мови: у 20 т. [Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language: in 20 vols] (in Ukrainian), volumes 1–15 (а – п'ять), Kyiv: Naukova Dumka; Ukrainian Lingua-Information Fund, →ISBN
• A. Rysin, V. Starko, et al. (compilers, 2011–2020), “труд”, in English–Ukrainian Dictionaries
• “труд”, in Горох – Словозміна [Horox – Slovozmina, Horokh – Inflection]‎^[1]
• “труд”, in Kyiv Dictionary (in English)
• “труд”, in Словник.ua [Slovnyk.ua, Slovnyk.ua]‎^[2]