بخار

See also: تجاز, تجار, بحار, and تخار

Arabic

Etymology

From the root ب خ ر (b ḵ r), related to vapor. Compare with بَخَرَ (baḵara, “to boil”), تَبَخَّر (tabaḵḵar, “to evaporate, to perfume with incense”) and بُخُور (buḵūr, “incense”).

Noun

بُخَار • (buḵār) m (plural أَبْخِرَة (ʔabḵira))

1. vapor, fume
2. steam

Declension

Declension of noun بُخَار (buḵār)

singular	basic singular triptote
	indefinite	definite	construct
informal	بُخَار buḵār	الْبُخَار al-buḵār	بُخَار buḵār
nominative	بُخَارٌ buḵārun	الْبُخَارُ al-buḵāru	بُخَارُ buḵāru
accusative	بُخَارًا buḵāran	الْبُخَارَ al-buḵāra	بُخَارَ buḵāra
genitive	بُخَارٍ buḵārin	الْبُخَارِ al-buḵāri	بُخَارِ buḵāri
dual	indefinite	definite	construct
informal	بُخَارَيْن buḵārayn	الْبُخَارَيْن al-buḵārayn	بُخَارَيْ buḵāray
nominative	بُخَارَانِ buḵārāni	الْبُخَارَانِ al-buḵārāni	بُخَارَا buḵārā
accusative	بُخَارَيْنِ buḵārayni	الْبُخَارَيْنِ al-buḵārayni	بُخَارَيْ buḵāray
genitive	بُخَارَيْنِ buḵārayni	الْبُخَارَيْنِ al-buḵārayni	بُخَارَيْ buḵāray
plural	broken plural triptote in ـَة (-a)
	indefinite	definite	construct
informal	أَبْخِرَة ʔabḵira	الْأَبْخِرَة al-ʔabḵira	أَبْخِرَة ʔabḵirat
nominative	أَبْخِرَةٌ ʔabḵiratun	الْأَبْخِرَةُ al-ʔabḵiratu	أَبْخِرَةُ ʔabḵiratu
accusative	أَبْخِرَةً ʔabḵiratan	الْأَبْخِرَةَ al-ʔabḵirata	أَبْخِرَةَ ʔabḵirata
genitive	أَبْخِرَةٍ ʔabḵiratin	الْأَبْخِرَةِ al-ʔabḵirati	أَبْخِرَةِ ʔabḵirati

Descendants

• Gulf Arabic: بخار (buḵār)
• → Armenian: բուխարի (buxari)
• → Azerbaijani: buxar, buxarı
• Hindustani:
  • → Hindi: बुख़ार (buxār)
  • → Urdu: بخار (buxār)
• → Georgian: ბუხარი (buxari)
  • → Bats: ბუხარ (buxar)
• → Persian: بخار (boxâr)
• → Turkish: buhar

Persian

Dari	بخار
Iranian Persian
Tajik	бухор

Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic بُخَار (buḵār).

Pronunciation

• (Classical Persian) IPA^(key): /bu.ˈxaːr/

 

• (Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [bʊ.xɑ́ːɾ]

• (Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [bʊ.xɑ́ːɾ]
  • (Kabuli) IPA^(key): [bʊ.xɑ́ːɾ]
  • (Hazaragi) IPA^(key): [bu.xɔ́ːɾ]

• (Iran, formal) IPA^(key): [bo.xɒ́ːɹ]

• (Tajik, formal) IPA^(key): [bu.χɔ́ɾ]

Readings
Classical reading?	buxār
Dari reading?	buxār
Iranian reading?	boxâr
Tajik reading?	buxor

• Rhymes: -ɑːr

Noun

بخار • (boxâr)

1. steam, vapor

Punjabi

Etymology

Etymology tree

Arabic بُخَار (buḵār)bor.

Classical Persian بُخَار (buxār)bor.

Punjabi بُخَار (buxār)

Borrowed from Classical Persian بُخَار (buxār), borrowed from Arabic بُخَار (buḵār).

Pronunciation

• (Standard Punjabi) IPA^(key): [bʊ̆.ˈkʰäːr(ə̆)], [bʊ̆.ˈxäːr(ə̆)]

Noun

بُخَار • (buxār) m (Gurmukhi spelling ਬੁਖ਼ਾਰ)

1. a fever
2. steam; vapour
3. (figuratively) any emotion – anger, excitement, passion etc.

Declension

Declension of بخار

	singular	plural
direct	بُخَار (buxār)	بُخَار (buxār)
oblique	بُخَار (buxār)	بُخَاراں (buxārāṉ)
vocative	بُخَارا (buxārā)	بُخَارو (buxāro)
ablative	بُخَاروں (buxāroṉ)	—
locative	بُخَاراں (buxārāṉ)	بُخَارے (buxāre)
instrumental	بُخَارِیں (buxārīṉ)	بُخَاروں (buxāroṉ)

Further reading

• Iqbal, Salah ud-Din (2002), “بُخار”, in vaḍḍī panjābī lughat‎ (in Punjabi), Lahore: عزیز پبلشرز [ʻazīz pabliśarz]
• “ਬੁਖਾਰ”, in Punjabi-English Dictionary, Patiala: Punjabi University, 2025

Urdu

Etymology

Etymology tree

Arabic بُخَار (buḵār)bor.

Classical Persian بُخَار (buxār)bor.

Urdu بُخَار (buxār)

Borrowed from Classical Persian بُخَار (buxār), borrowed from Arabic بُخَار (buḵār).

Pronunciation

• (Standard Urdu) IPA^(key): /bʊ.xɑːɾ/
• Rhymes: -ɑːɾ
• Hyphenation: بُ‧خَار

Noun

بُخَار • (buxār) m (formal plural بُخارات (buxārāt), Hindi spelling बुख़ार)

1. fever
2. steam; vapour; exhalation
3. smoke
4. anger; anguish

Declension

Declension of بخار

	singular	plural
direct	بُخَار (buxār)	بُخَار (buxār)
oblique	بُخَار (buxār)	بُخَاروں (buxārõ)
vocative	بُخَار (buxār)	بُخَارو (buxāro)

Further reading

More information

• “بخار”, in اُردُو لُغَت (urdū luġat) (in Urdu), Ministry of Education: Government of Pakistan, 2017.
• “بخار”, in ریخْتَہ لُغَت (rexta luġat) - Rekhta Dictionary [Urdu dictionary with meanings in Hindi & English], Noida, India: Rekhta Foundation, 2025.
• Qureshi, Bashir Ahmad (1971), “بخار”, in Kitabistan's 20th Century Standard Dictionary‎, Lahore: Kitabistan Pub. Co.
• Platts, John T. (1884), “بخار”, in A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English, London: W. H. Allen & Co.
• Fallon, S. W. (1879), “بخار”, in A New Hindustani-English Dictionary, Banaras, London: Trubner and Co.
• John Shakespear (1834), “بخار”, in A dictionary, Hindustani and English: with a copious index, fitting the work to serve, also, as a dictionary of English and Hindustani, 3^rd edition, London: J.L. Cox and Son, →OCLC