قرظ

See also: قرط and فرط

Arabic

قَرَظ

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-West Semitic, cognate to Aramaic קרטא / ܩܷܪܱܛܳܐ (qerraṭṭā, “acacia; carob”), and Ancient Greek κεράτιον (kerátion, “carob tree”), matched to the Semitic. This tree is important for tanning and dying, hence the meaning of “to eulogize”.

According to Löw the Syriac word is from Arabic and the Arabic from Greek, but a borrowing of ظ (ẓ) is hard (save from South Semitic). and the Greek gives regularly already existing قِيرَاط (qīrāṭ).

Dictionnaire du faisceau dialectal arabe andalou considers a borrowing from Egyptian ꜣqrw (“a tree the fruits of which are used officinally”) with an added second element, compare نَبَق (nabaq) where the same seems to have happened.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /qa.raðˤ/

Noun

قَرَظ • (qaraẓ) m (collective, singulative قَرَظَة f (qaraẓa))

1. Acacia spp. or Vachellia spp., especially Vachellia nilotica and Acacia etbaica syn. Vachellia etbaica, and especially its leaves or pods

   Synonyms: طَلْح (ṭalḥ), سَنْط (sanṭ)

Declension

Declension of noun قَرَظ (qaraẓ)

Collective	basic collective triptote
	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	قَرَظ qaraẓ	الْقَرَظ al-qaraẓ	قَرَظ qaraẓ
Nominative	قَرَظٌ qaraẓun	الْقَرَظُ al-qaraẓu	قَرَظُ qaraẓu
Accusative	قَرَظًا qaraẓan	الْقَرَظَ al-qaraẓa	قَرَظَ qaraẓa
Genitive	قَرَظٍ qaraẓin	الْقَرَظِ al-qaraẓi	قَرَظِ qaraẓi
Singulative	singulative triptote in ـَة (-a)
	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	قَرَظَة qaraẓa	الْقَرَظَة al-qaraẓa	قَرَظَة qaraẓat
Nominative	قَرَظَةٌ qaraẓatun	الْقَرَظَةُ al-qaraẓatu	قَرَظَةُ qaraẓatu
Accusative	قَرَظَةً qaraẓatan	الْقَرَظَةَ al-qaraẓata	قَرَظَةَ qaraẓata
Genitive	قَرَظَةٍ qaraẓatin	الْقَرَظَةِ al-qaraẓati	قَرَظَةِ qaraẓati
Dual	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	قَرَظَتَيْن qaraẓatayn	الْقَرَظَتَيْن al-qaraẓatayn	قَرَظَتَيْ qaraẓatay
Nominative	قَرَظَتَانِ qaraẓatāni	الْقَرَظَتَانِ al-qaraẓatāni	قَرَظَتَا qaraẓatā
Accusative	قَرَظَتَيْنِ qaraẓatayni	الْقَرَظَتَيْنِ al-qaraẓatayni	قَرَظَتَيْ qaraẓatay
Genitive	قَرَظَتَيْنِ qaraẓatayni	الْقَرَظَتَيْنِ al-qaraẓatayni	قَرَظَتَيْ qaraẓatay
Paucal (3-10)	sound feminine paucal
	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	قَرَظَات qaraẓāt	الْقَرَظَات al-qaraẓāt	قَرَظَات qaraẓāt
Nominative	قَرَظَاتٌ qaraẓātun	الْقَرَظَاتُ al-qaraẓātu	قَرَظَاتُ qaraẓātu
Accusative	قَرَظَاتٍ qaraẓātin	الْقَرَظَاتِ al-qaraẓāti	قَرَظَاتِ qaraẓāti
Genitive	قَرَظَاتٍ qaraẓātin	الْقَرَظَاتِ al-qaraẓāti	قَرَظَاتِ qaraẓāti

Derived terms

• قُرَيْظَة (qurayẓa, diminutive)
• قَرَظِيّ (qaraẓiyy)
• قَرَّظَ (qarraẓa, “to eulogize, to praise”)
• تَقَارَظَ (taqāraẓa, “to praise one another”)
• قَرِيظ (qarīẓ, “eulogy”)

Descendants

• → Classical Syriac: ܩܪܕ (qrḏ)

Verb

قَرَظَ • (qaraẓa) I (non-past يَقْرِظُ (yaqriẓu), verbal noun قَرْظ (qarẓ))

1. to tan or dye with قَرَظ (qaraẓ)
2. to pluck the leaves or pods قَرَظ (qaraẓ)

Conjugation

    Conjugation of قَرَظَ (I, sound, a ~ i, full passive (?), verbal noun قَرْظ)

verbal noun الْمَصْدَر						قَرْظ qarẓ
active participle اِسْم الْفَاعِل						قَارِظ qāriẓ
passive participle اِسْم الْمَفْعُول						مَقْرُوظ maqrūẓ
active voice الْفِعْل الْمَعْلُوم
		singular الْمُفْرَد				dual الْمُثَنَّى			plural الْجَمْع
		1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب		2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب		1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي	m	قَرَظْتُ qaraẓtu	قَرَظْتَ qaraẓta	قَرَظَ qaraẓa		قَرَظْتُمَا qaraẓtumā	قَرَظَا qaraẓā		قَرَظْنَا qaraẓnā	قَرَظْتُمْ qaraẓtum	قَرَظُوا qaraẓū
	f		قَرَظْتِ qaraẓti	قَرَظَتْ qaraẓat			قَرَظَتَا qaraẓatā			قَرَظْتُنَّ qaraẓtunna	قَرَظْنَ qaraẓna
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع	m	أَقْرِظُ ʔaqriẓu	تَقْرِظُ taqriẓu	يَقْرِظُ yaqriẓu		تَقْرِظَانِ taqriẓāni	يَقْرِظَانِ yaqriẓāni		نَقْرِظُ naqriẓu	تَقْرِظُونَ taqriẓūna	يَقْرِظُونَ yaqriẓūna
	f		تَقْرِظِينَ taqriẓīna	تَقْرِظُ taqriẓu			تَقْرِظَانِ taqriẓāni			تَقْرِظْنَ taqriẓna	يَقْرِظْنَ yaqriẓna
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب	m	أَقْرِظَ ʔaqriẓa	تَقْرِظَ taqriẓa	يَقْرِظَ yaqriẓa		تَقْرِظَا taqriẓā	يَقْرِظَا yaqriẓā		نَقْرِظَ naqriẓa	تَقْرِظُوا taqriẓū	يَقْرِظُوا yaqriẓū
	f		تَقْرِظِي taqriẓī	تَقْرِظَ taqriẓa			تَقْرِظَا taqriẓā			تَقْرِظْنَ taqriẓna	يَقْرِظْنَ yaqriẓna
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم	m	أَقْرِظْ ʔaqriẓ	تَقْرِظْ taqriẓ	يَقْرِظْ yaqriẓ		تَقْرِظَا taqriẓā	يَقْرِظَا yaqriẓā		نَقْرِظْ naqriẓ	تَقْرِظُوا taqriẓū	يَقْرِظُوا yaqriẓū
	f		تَقْرِظِي taqriẓī	تَقْرِظْ taqriẓ			تَقْرِظَا taqriẓā			تَقْرِظْنَ taqriẓna	يَقْرِظْنَ yaqriẓna
imperative الْأَمْر	m		اِقْرِظْ iqriẓ			اِقْرِظَا iqriẓā				اِقْرِظُوا iqriẓū
	f		اِقْرِظِي iqriẓī							اِقْرِظْنَ iqriẓna
passive voice الْفِعْل الْمَجْهُول
		singular الْمُفْرَد				dual الْمُثَنَّى			plural الْجَمْع
		1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب		2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب		1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي	m	قُرِظْتُ quriẓtu	قُرِظْتَ quriẓta	قُرِظَ quriẓa		قُرِظْتُمَا quriẓtumā	قُرِظَا quriẓā		قُرِظْنَا quriẓnā	قُرِظْتُمْ quriẓtum	قُرِظُوا quriẓū
	f		قُرِظْتِ quriẓti	قُرِظَتْ quriẓat			قُرِظَتَا quriẓatā			قُرِظْتُنَّ quriẓtunna	قُرِظْنَ quriẓna
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع	m	أُقْرَظُ ʔuqraẓu	تُقْرَظُ tuqraẓu	يُقْرَظُ yuqraẓu		تُقْرَظَانِ tuqraẓāni	يُقْرَظَانِ yuqraẓāni		نُقْرَظُ nuqraẓu	تُقْرَظُونَ tuqraẓūna	يُقْرَظُونَ yuqraẓūna
	f		تُقْرَظِينَ tuqraẓīna	تُقْرَظُ tuqraẓu			تُقْرَظَانِ tuqraẓāni			تُقْرَظْنَ tuqraẓna	يُقْرَظْنَ yuqraẓna
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب	m	أُقْرَظَ ʔuqraẓa	تُقْرَظَ tuqraẓa	يُقْرَظَ yuqraẓa		تُقْرَظَا tuqraẓā	يُقْرَظَا yuqraẓā		نُقْرَظَ nuqraẓa	تُقْرَظُوا tuqraẓū	يُقْرَظُوا yuqraẓū
	f		تُقْرَظِي tuqraẓī	تُقْرَظَ tuqraẓa			تُقْرَظَا tuqraẓā			تُقْرَظْنَ tuqraẓna	يُقْرَظْنَ yuqraẓna
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم	m	أُقْرَظْ ʔuqraẓ	تُقْرَظْ tuqraẓ	يُقْرَظْ yuqraẓ		تُقْرَظَا tuqraẓā	يُقْرَظَا yuqraẓā		نُقْرَظْ nuqraẓ	تُقْرَظُوا tuqraẓū	يُقْرَظُوا yuqraẓū
	f		تُقْرَظِي tuqraẓī	تُقْرَظْ tuqraẓ			تُقْرَظَا tuqraẓā			تُقْرَظْنَ tuqraẓna	يُقْرَظْنَ yuqraẓna

Verb

قَرَّظَ • (qarraẓa) II (non-past يُقَرِّظُ (yuqarriẓu), verbal noun تَقْرِيظ (taqrīẓ))

1. to praise, to eulogize, to commend

Conjugation

    Conjugation of قَرَّظَ (II, sound, full passive, verbal noun تَقْرِيظ)

verbal noun الْمَصْدَر						تَقْرِيظ taqrīẓ
active participle اِسْم الْفَاعِل						مُقَرِّظ muqarriẓ
passive participle اِسْم الْمَفْعُول						مُقَرَّظ muqarraẓ
active voice الْفِعْل الْمَعْلُوم
		singular الْمُفْرَد				dual الْمُثَنَّى			plural الْجَمْع
		1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب		2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب		1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي	m	قَرَّظْتُ qarraẓtu	قَرَّظْتَ qarraẓta	قَرَّظَ qarraẓa		قَرَّظْتُمَا qarraẓtumā	قَرَّظَا qarraẓā		قَرَّظْنَا qarraẓnā	قَرَّظْتُمْ qarraẓtum	قَرَّظُوا qarraẓū
	f		قَرَّظْتِ qarraẓti	قَرَّظَتْ qarraẓat			قَرَّظَتَا qarraẓatā			قَرَّظْتُنَّ qarraẓtunna	قَرَّظْنَ qarraẓna
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع	m	أُقَرِّظُ ʔuqarriẓu	تُقَرِّظُ tuqarriẓu	يُقَرِّظُ yuqarriẓu		تُقَرِّظَانِ tuqarriẓāni	يُقَرِّظَانِ yuqarriẓāni		نُقَرِّظُ nuqarriẓu	تُقَرِّظُونَ tuqarriẓūna	يُقَرِّظُونَ yuqarriẓūna
	f		تُقَرِّظِينَ tuqarriẓīna	تُقَرِّظُ tuqarriẓu			تُقَرِّظَانِ tuqarriẓāni			تُقَرِّظْنَ tuqarriẓna	يُقَرِّظْنَ yuqarriẓna
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب	m	أُقَرِّظَ ʔuqarriẓa	تُقَرِّظَ tuqarriẓa	يُقَرِّظَ yuqarriẓa		تُقَرِّظَا tuqarriẓā	يُقَرِّظَا yuqarriẓā		نُقَرِّظَ nuqarriẓa	تُقَرِّظُوا tuqarriẓū	يُقَرِّظُوا yuqarriẓū
	f		تُقَرِّظِي tuqarriẓī	تُقَرِّظَ tuqarriẓa			تُقَرِّظَا tuqarriẓā			تُقَرِّظْنَ tuqarriẓna	يُقَرِّظْنَ yuqarriẓna
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم	m	أُقَرِّظْ ʔuqarriẓ	تُقَرِّظْ tuqarriẓ	يُقَرِّظْ yuqarriẓ		تُقَرِّظَا tuqarriẓā	يُقَرِّظَا yuqarriẓā		نُقَرِّظْ nuqarriẓ	تُقَرِّظُوا tuqarriẓū	يُقَرِّظُوا yuqarriẓū
	f		تُقَرِّظِي tuqarriẓī	تُقَرِّظْ tuqarriẓ			تُقَرِّظَا tuqarriẓā			تُقَرِّظْنَ tuqarriẓna	يُقَرِّظْنَ yuqarriẓna
imperative الْأَمْر	m		قَرِّظْ qarriẓ			قَرِّظَا qarriẓā				قَرِّظُوا qarriẓū
	f		قَرِّظِي qarriẓī							قَرِّظْنَ qarriẓna
passive voice الْفِعْل الْمَجْهُول
		singular الْمُفْرَد				dual الْمُثَنَّى			plural الْجَمْع
		1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب		2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب		1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي	m	قُرِّظْتُ qurriẓtu	قُرِّظْتَ qurriẓta	قُرِّظَ qurriẓa		قُرِّظْتُمَا qurriẓtumā	قُرِّظَا qurriẓā		قُرِّظْنَا qurriẓnā	قُرِّظْتُمْ qurriẓtum	قُرِّظُوا qurriẓū
	f		قُرِّظْتِ qurriẓti	قُرِّظَتْ qurriẓat			قُرِّظَتَا qurriẓatā			قُرِّظْتُنَّ qurriẓtunna	قُرِّظْنَ qurriẓna
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع	m	أُقَرَّظُ ʔuqarraẓu	تُقَرَّظُ tuqarraẓu	يُقَرَّظُ yuqarraẓu		تُقَرَّظَانِ tuqarraẓāni	يُقَرَّظَانِ yuqarraẓāni		نُقَرَّظُ nuqarraẓu	تُقَرَّظُونَ tuqarraẓūna	يُقَرَّظُونَ yuqarraẓūna
	f		تُقَرَّظِينَ tuqarraẓīna	تُقَرَّظُ tuqarraẓu			تُقَرَّظَانِ tuqarraẓāni			تُقَرَّظْنَ tuqarraẓna	يُقَرَّظْنَ yuqarraẓna
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب	m	أُقَرَّظَ ʔuqarraẓa	تُقَرَّظَ tuqarraẓa	يُقَرَّظَ yuqarraẓa		تُقَرَّظَا tuqarraẓā	يُقَرَّظَا yuqarraẓā		نُقَرَّظَ nuqarraẓa	تُقَرَّظُوا tuqarraẓū	يُقَرَّظُوا yuqarraẓū
	f		تُقَرَّظِي tuqarraẓī	تُقَرَّظَ tuqarraẓa			تُقَرَّظَا tuqarraẓā			تُقَرَّظْنَ tuqarraẓna	يُقَرَّظْنَ yuqarraẓna
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم	m	أُقَرَّظْ ʔuqarraẓ	تُقَرَّظْ tuqarraẓ	يُقَرَّظْ yuqarraẓ		تُقَرَّظَا tuqarraẓā	يُقَرَّظَا yuqarraẓā		نُقَرَّظْ nuqarraẓ	تُقَرَّظُوا tuqarraẓū	يُقَرَّظُوا yuqarraẓū
	f		تُقَرَّظِي tuqarraẓī	تُقَرَّظْ tuqarraẓ			تُقَرَّظَا tuqarraẓā			تُقَرَّظْنَ tuqarraẓna	يُقَرَّظْنَ yuqarraẓna

Noun

قَرْظ • (qarẓ) m

1. verbal noun of قَرَظَ (qaraẓa) (form I)

Declension

Declension of noun قَرْظ (qarẓ)

Singular	basic singular triptote
	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	قَرْظ qarẓ	الْقَرْظ al-qarẓ	قَرْظ qarẓ
Nominative	قَرْظٌ qarẓun	الْقَرْظُ al-qarẓu	قَرْظُ qarẓu
Accusative	قَرْظًا qarẓan	الْقَرْظَ al-qarẓa	قَرْظَ qarẓa
Genitive	قَرْظٍ qarẓin	الْقَرْظِ al-qarẓi	قَرْظِ qarẓi

References

• “qrṭ⁴”, in The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon Project, Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College, 1986–
• Corriente, Federico, Pereira, Christophe, Vicente, Angeles, editors (2017), “قَرَض”, in Dictionnaire du faisceau dialectal arabe andalou. Perspectives phraséologiques et étymologiques (in French), Berlin: De Gruyter, →ISBN, page 1020
• Fraenkel, Siegmund (1886) Die aramäischen Fremdwörter im Arabischen (in German), Leiden: E. J. Brill, pages 200–201
• Freytag, Georg (1835) “قرظ”, in Lexicon arabico-latinum praesertim ex Djeuharii Firuzabadiique et aliorum Arabum operibus adhibitis Golii quoque et aliorum libris confectum‎^[1] (in Latin), volume 3, Halle: C. A. Schwetschke, page 428
• Kazimirski, Albin de Biberstein (1860) “قرظ”, in Dictionnaire arabe-français contenant toutes les racines de la langue arabe, leurs dérivés, tant dans l’idiome vulgaire que dans l’idiome littéral, ainsi que les dialectes d’Alger et de Maroc‎^[2] (in French), volume 2, Paris: Maisonneuve et C^ie, page 716
• Lane, Edward William (1863) “قرظ”, in Arabic-English Lexicon‎^[3], London: Williams & Norgate, page 2518
• Löw, Immanuel (1881) Aramæische Pflanzennamen‎^[4] (in German), Leipzig: Wilhelm Engelmann, page 197
• Löw, Immanuel (1924) Die Flora der Juden‎^[5] (in German), volume 2, Wien und Leipzig: R. Löwit, pages 387–388
• Mandaville, James Paul (2011) Bedouin Ethnobotany. Plant Concepts and Uses in a Desert Pastoral World, Tuscon: University of Arizona Press, →ISBN, page 140
• Wehr, Hans (1979) “قرظ”, in J. Milton Cowan, editor, A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic, 4th edition, Ithaca, NY: Spoken Language Services, →ISBN, page 887
• Wehr, Hans with Kropfitsch, Lorenz (1985) “قرظ”, in Arabisches Wörterbuch für die Schriftsprache der Gegenwart‎^[6] (in German), 5th edition, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, published 2011, →ISBN, page 1018