ईश्वर

Hindi

Etymology

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit ईश्वर (īśvara).

Pronunciation

• (Standard Hindi) IPA^(key): /iːʃ.ʋəɾ/, [iːʃ.ʋɐɾ]

Noun

ईश्वर • (īśvar) m (Urdu spelling ایشور)

1. (Hinduism) God, Ishvara

   Synonyms: see Thesaurus:भगवान

   हम प्रतिदिन ईश्वर से प्रार्थना करते हैं।

   ham pratidin īśvar se prārthanā karte ha͠i.

   We pray to God every day.

2. lord, master
3. (dated or literary) husband
4. a title to address the god Shiva

Declension

Declension of ईश्वर (masc cons-stem)

	singular	plural
direct	ईश्वर īśvar	ईश्वर īśvar
oblique	ईश्वर īśvar	ईश्वरों īśvarõ
vocative	ईश्वर īśvar	ईश्वरो īśvaro

Further reading

• Bahri, Hardev (1989), “ईश्वर”, in Siksarthi Hindi-Angrejhi Sabdakosa [Learners' Hindi-English Dictionary], Delhi: Rajpal & Sons.

Marathi

Etymology

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit ईश्वर (īśvara). First attested as Old Marathi 𑘃𑘭𑘿𑘪𑘨 (īsvara).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /iɕ.ʋəɾ/

Noun

ईश्वर • (īśvar) m

1. God; Ishvara

   Synonyms: देव (dev), भगवान (bhagvān)

2. lord, master (of the universe)

Declension

Declension of ईश्वर (masc cons-stem)
direct singular	ईश्वर īśvar
direct plural	ईश्वर īśvar
	singular एकवचन		plural अनेकवचन
nominative प्रथमा	ईश्वर īśvar		ईश्वर īśvar
oblique सामान्यरूप	ईश्वरा īśvarā		ईश्वरां- īśvarān-
accusative / dative द्वितीया / चतुर्थी	ईश्वराला īśvarālā		ईश्वरांना īśvarānnā
ergative	ईश्वराने, ईश्वरानं īśvarāne, īśvarāna		ईश्वरांनी īśvarānnī
instrumental	ईश्वराशी īśvarāśī		ईश्वरांशी īśvarānśī
locative सप्तमी	ईश्वरात īśvarāt		ईश्वरांत īśvarāt
vocative संबोधन	ईश्वरा īśvarā		ईश्वरांनो īśvarānno
Oblique Note: The oblique case precedes all postpositions. There is no space between the stem and the postposition. Locative Note: -त (-ta) is a postposition.

Genitive declension of ईश्वर (masc cons-stem)
	masculine object पुल्लिंगी कर्म		feminine object स्त्रीलिंगी कर्म		neuter object नपुसकलिंगी कर्म		oblique सामान्यरूप
	singular एकवचन	plural अनेकवचन	singular एकवचन	plural अनेकवचन	singular* एकवचन	plural अनेकवचन
singular subject एकवचनी कर्ता	ईश्वराचा īśvarāċā	ईश्वराचे īśvarāċe	ईश्वराची īśvarācī	ईश्वराच्या īśvarācā	ईश्वराचे, ईश्वराचं īśvarāċe, īśvarāċa	ईश्वराची īśvarācī	ईश्वराच्या īśvarācā
plural subject अनेकवचनी कर्ता	ईश्वरांचा īśvarānċā	ईश्वरांचे īśvarānċe	ईश्वरांची īśvarāñcī	ईश्वरांच्या īśvarāncā	ईश्वरांचे, ईश्वरांचं īśvarānċe, īśvarānċa	ईश्वरांची īśvarāñcī	ईश्वरांच्या īśvarāñcā
* Note: Word-final ए (e) in neuter words is alternatively written with the anusvara and pronounced as अ (a). Oblique Note: For most postpostions, the oblique genitive can be optionally inserted between the stem and the postposition.

References

• Molesworth, James Thomas (1857), “ईश्वर”, in A dictionary, Marathi and English, Bombay: Printed for government at the Bombay Education Society's Press

Nepali

Etymology

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit ईश्वर (īśvara).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [isːor]
• Phonetic Devanagari: इस्सोर्

Noun

ईश्वर • (īśwar)

1. God

Sanskrit

Alternative forms

Alternative scripts

• ঈশ্বৰ (Assamese script)
• ᬈᬰ᭄ᬯᬭ (Balinese script)
• ঈশ্বর (Bengali script)
• 𑰃𑰫𑰿𑰪𑰨 (Bhaiksuki script)
• 𑀈𑀰𑁆𑀯𑀭 (Brahmi script)
• ဤၐွရ (Burmese script)
• ઈશ્વર (Gujarati script)
• ਈਸ਼੍ਵਰ (Gurmukhi script)
• 𑌈𑌶𑍍𑌵𑌰 (Grantha script)
• ꦇꦯ꧀ꦮꦫ (Javanese script)
• 𑂆𑂬𑂹𑂫𑂩 (Kaithi script)
• ಈಶ್ವರ (Kannada script)
• ឦឝ្វរ (Khmer script)
• ອີຨ຺ວຣ (Lao script)
• ഈശ്വര (Malayalam script)
• ᡳᡳᡧᠣᠸᠠᡵᠠ (Manchu script)
• 𑘃𑘫𑘿𑘪𑘨 (Modi script)
• ᠢᠢᠱᢦᠷᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
• 𑦣𑧋𑧠𑧊𑧈 (Nandinagari script)
• 𑐃𑐱𑑂𑐰𑐬 (Newa script)
• ଈଶ୍ଵର (Odia script)
• ꢅꢯ꣄ꢮꢬ (Saurashtra script)
• 𑆆𑆯𑇀𑆮𑆫 (Sharada script)
• 𑖃𑖫𑖿𑖪𑖨 (Siddham script)
• ඊශ‍්වර (Sinhalese script)
• 𑩐𑩑𑩛𑩿 𑪙𑩾𑩼 (Soyombo script)
• 𑚃𑚧𑚶𑚦𑚤 (Takri script)
• ஈஶ்வர (Tamil script)
• ఈశ్వర (Telugu script)
• อีศฺวร (Thai script)
• ཨཱི་ཤྭ་ར (Tibetan script)
• 𑒄𑒬𑓂𑒫𑒩 (Tirhuta script)
• 𑨀𑨁𑨊𑨮𑩇𑨭𑨫 (Zanabazar Square script)

Etymology

From the root ईश् (īś, “to rule”) + वर (vará, “best”).

Pronunciation

• (Vedic) IPA^(key): /iːɕ.ʋɐ.ɾɐ́/
• (Classical Sanskrit) IPA^(key): /iːɕ.ʋɐ.ɾɐ/

Adjective

ई॒श्व॒र • (īśvará) stem

1. able to do, capable of
   • c. 700 CE – 900 CE, Bhāgavata Purāṇa 11.23.2:

     बार्हस्पत्य स नास्त्य् अत्र साधुर् वै दुर्जनेरितैः ।
     दुरुक्तैर् भिन्नम् आत्मानं यस् समाधातुम् ईश्वरः ॥

     bārhaspatya sa nāsty atra sādhur vai durjaneritaiḥ.
     duruktair bhinnam ātmānaṃ yas samādhātum īśvaraḥ.

     O disciple of Bṛhaspati, there is no man in this world capable of composing his mind after it has been disturbed by the abusive words of a bad person.

2. liable, exposed to

Declension

Masculine a-stem declension of ई॒श्व॒र

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	ई॒श्व॒रः (īśvaráḥ)	ई॒श्व॒रौ (īśvaráu) ई॒श्व॒रा¹ (īśvarā́¹)	ई॒श्व॒राः (īśvarā́ḥ) ई॒श्व॒रासः॑¹ (īśvarā́saḥ¹)
accusative	ई॒श्व॒रम् (īśvarám)	ई॒श्व॒रौ (īśvaráu) ई॒श्व॒रा¹ (īśvarā́¹)	ई॒श्व॒रान् (īśvarā́n)
instrumental	ई॒श्व॒रेण॑ (īśvaréṇa)	ई॒श्व॒राभ्या॑म् (īśvarā́bhyām)	ई॒श्व॒रैः (īśvaráiḥ) ई॒श्व॒रेभिः॑¹ (īśvarébhiḥ¹)
dative	ई॒श्व॒राय॑ (īśvarā́ya)	ई॒श्व॒राभ्या॑म् (īśvarā́bhyām)	ई॒श्व॒रेभ्यः॑ (īśvarébhyaḥ)
ablative	ई॒श्व॒रात् (īśvarā́t)	ई॒श्व॒राभ्या॑म् (īśvarā́bhyām)	ई॒श्व॒रेभ्यः॑ (īśvarébhyaḥ)
genitive	ई॒श्व॒रस्य॑ (īśvarásya)	ई॒श्व॒रयोः॑ (īśvaráyoḥ)	ई॒श्व॒राणा॑म् (īśvarā́ṇām)
locative	ई॒श्व॒रे (īśvaré)	ई॒श्व॒रयोः॑ (īśvaráyoḥ)	ई॒श्व॒रेषु॑ (īśvaréṣu)
vocative	ईश्व॑र (ī́śvara)	ईश्व॑रौ (ī́śvarau) ईश्व॑रा¹ (ī́śvarā¹)	ईश्व॑राः (ī́śvarāḥ) ईश्व॑रासः¹ (ī́śvarāsaḥ¹)

• ¹Vedic

Feminine ā-stem declension of ई॒श्व॒रा

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	ई॒श्व॒रा (īśvarā́)	ई॒श्व॒रे (īśvaré)	ई॒श्व॒राः (īśvarā́ḥ)
accusative	ई॒श्व॒राम् (īśvarā́m)	ई॒श्व॒रे (īśvaré)	ई॒श्व॒राः (īśvarā́ḥ)
instrumental	ई॒श्व॒रया॑ (īśvaráyā) ई॒श्व॒रा¹ (īśvarā́¹)	ई॒श्व॒राभ्या॑म् (īśvarā́bhyām)	ई॒श्व॒राभिः॑ (īśvarā́bhiḥ)
dative	ई॒श्व॒रायै॑ (īśvarā́yai)	ई॒श्व॒राभ्या॑म् (īśvarā́bhyām)	ई॒श्व॒राभ्यः॑ (īśvarā́bhyaḥ)
ablative	ई॒श्व॒रायाः॑ (īśvarā́yāḥ) ई॒श्व॒रायै॑² (īśvarā́yai²)	ई॒श्व॒राभ्या॑म् (īśvarā́bhyām)	ई॒श्व॒राभ्यः॑ (īśvarā́bhyaḥ)
genitive	ई॒श्व॒रायाः॑ (īśvarā́yāḥ) ई॒श्व॒रायै॑² (īśvarā́yai²)	ई॒श्व॒रयोः॑ (īśvaráyoḥ)	ई॒श्व॒राणा॑म् (īśvarā́ṇām)
locative	ई॒श्व॒राया॑म् (īśvarā́yām)	ई॒श्व॒रयोः॑ (īśvaráyoḥ)	ई॒श्व॒रासु॑ (īśvarā́su)
vocative	ईश्व॑रे (ī́śvare)	ईश्व॑रे (ī́śvare)	ईश्व॑राः (ī́śvarāḥ)

• ¹Vedic
• ²Brāhmaṇas

Feminine ī-stem declension of ई॒श्व॒री

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	ई॒श्व॒री (īśvarī́)	ई॒श्व॒र्यौ॑ (īśvaryàu) ई॒श्व॒री¹ (īśvarī́¹)	ई॒श्व॒र्यः॑ (īśvaryàḥ) ई॒श्व॒रीः¹ (īśvarī́ḥ¹)
accusative	ई॒श्व॒रीम् (īśvarī́m)	ई॒श्व॒र्यौ॑ (īśvaryàu) ई॒श्व॒री¹ (īśvarī́¹)	ई॒श्व॒रीः (īśvarī́ḥ)
instrumental	ई॒श्व॒र्या (īśvaryā́)	ई॒श्व॒रीभ्या॑म् (īśvarī́bhyām)	ई॒श्व॒रीभिः॑ (īśvarī́bhiḥ)
dative	ई॒श्व॒र्यै (īśvaryái)	ई॒श्व॒रीभ्या॑म् (īśvarī́bhyām)	ई॒श्व॒रीभ्यः॑ (īśvarī́bhyaḥ)
ablative	ई॒श्व॒र्याः (īśvaryā́ḥ) ई॒श्व॒र्यै² (īśvaryái²)	ई॒श्व॒रीभ्या॑म् (īśvarī́bhyām)	ई॒श्व॒रीभ्यः॑ (īśvarī́bhyaḥ)
genitive	ई॒श्व॒र्याः (īśvaryā́ḥ) ई॒श्व॒र्यै² (īśvaryái²)	ई॒श्व॒र्योः (īśvaryóḥ)	ई॒श्व॒रीणा॑म् (īśvarī́ṇām) ई॒श्व॒री॒णाम्³ (īśvarīṇā́m³)
locative	ई॒श्व॒र्याम् (īśvaryā́m)	ई॒श्व॒र्योः (īśvaryóḥ)	ई॒श्व॒रीषु॑ (īśvarī́ṣu)
vocative	ईश्व॑रि (ī́śvari)	ईश्व॑र्यौ (ī́śvaryau) ईश्व॑री¹ (ī́śvarī¹)	ईश्व॑र्यः (ī́śvaryaḥ) ईश्व॑रीः¹ (ī́śvarīḥ¹)

• ¹Vedic
• ²Brāhmaṇas
• ³Rigvedic

Neuter a-stem declension of ई॒श्व॒र

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	ई॒श्व॒रम् (īśvarám)	ई॒श्व॒रे (īśvaré)	ई॒श्व॒राणि॑ (īśvarā́ṇi) ई॒श्व॒रा¹ (īśvarā́¹)
accusative	ई॒श्व॒रम् (īśvarám)	ई॒श्व॒रे (īśvaré)	ई॒श्व॒राणि॑ (īśvarā́ṇi) ई॒श्व॒रा¹ (īśvarā́¹)
instrumental	ई॒श्व॒रेण॑ (īśvaréṇa)	ई॒श्व॒राभ्या॑म् (īśvarā́bhyām)	ई॒श्व॒रैः (īśvaráiḥ) ई॒श्व॒रेभिः॑¹ (īśvarébhiḥ¹)
dative	ई॒श्व॒राय॑ (īśvarā́ya)	ई॒श्व॒राभ्या॑म् (īśvarā́bhyām)	ई॒श्व॒रेभ्यः॑ (īśvarébhyaḥ)
ablative	ई॒श्व॒रात् (īśvarā́t)	ई॒श्व॒राभ्या॑म् (īśvarā́bhyām)	ई॒श्व॒रेभ्यः॑ (īśvarébhyaḥ)
genitive	ई॒श्व॒रस्य॑ (īśvarásya)	ई॒श्व॒रयोः॑ (īśvaráyoḥ)	ई॒श्व॒राणा॑म् (īśvarā́ṇām)
locative	ई॒श्व॒रे (īśvaré)	ई॒श्व॒रयोः॑ (īśvaráyoḥ)	ई॒श्व॒रेषु॑ (īśvaréṣu)
vocative	ईश्व॑र (ī́śvara)	ईश्व॑रे (ī́śvare)	ईश्व॑राणि (ī́śvarāṇi) ईश्व॑रा¹ (ī́śvarā¹)

• ¹Vedic

Noun

ई॒श्व॒र • (īśvará) stem, m

1. a husband
2. God
3. the Supreme Being
4. an epithet of Shiva
5. an epithet of Vishnu

Declension

Masculine a-stem declension of ई॒श्व॒र

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	ई॒श्व॒रः (īśvaráḥ)	ई॒श्व॒रौ (īśvaráu) ई॒श्व॒रा¹ (īśvarā́¹)	ई॒श्व॒राः (īśvarā́ḥ) ई॒श्व॒रासः॑¹ (īśvarā́saḥ¹)
accusative	ई॒श्व॒रम् (īśvarám)	ई॒श्व॒रौ (īśvaráu) ई॒श्व॒रा¹ (īśvarā́¹)	ई॒श्व॒रान् (īśvarā́n)
instrumental	ई॒श्व॒रेण॑ (īśvaréṇa)	ई॒श्व॒राभ्या॑म् (īśvarā́bhyām)	ई॒श्व॒रैः (īśvaráiḥ) ई॒श्व॒रेभिः॑¹ (īśvarébhiḥ¹)
dative	ई॒श्व॒राय॑ (īśvarā́ya)	ई॒श्व॒राभ्या॑म् (īśvarā́bhyām)	ई॒श्व॒रेभ्यः॑ (īśvarébhyaḥ)
ablative	ई॒श्व॒रात् (īśvarā́t)	ई॒श्व॒राभ्या॑म् (īśvarā́bhyām)	ई॒श्व॒रेभ्यः॑ (īśvarébhyaḥ)
genitive	ई॒श्व॒रस्य॑ (īśvarásya)	ई॒श्व॒रयोः॑ (īśvaráyoḥ)	ई॒श्व॒राणा॑म् (īśvarā́ṇām)
locative	ई॒श्व॒रे (īśvaré)	ई॒श्व॒रयोः॑ (īśvaráyoḥ)	ई॒श्व॒रेषु॑ (īśvaréṣu)
vocative	ईश्व॑र (ī́śvara)	ईश्व॑रौ (ī́śvarau) ईश्व॑रा¹ (ī́śvarā¹)	ईश्व॑राः (ī́śvarāḥ) ईश्व॑रासः¹ (ī́śvarāsaḥ¹)

• ¹Vedic

Derived terms

• परमेश्वर (parameśvara, “the supreme being”)
• महेश्वर (maheśvara, “the great lord, a name of Shiva”)
• विश्वेश्वर (viśveśvara, “lord of the whole world, a name of Shiva”)
• वेङ्कटेश्वर (veṅkaṭeśvara)
• सुरेश्वर (sureśvara, “a lord of the gods, a name of Indra”)

Descendants

Descendants

• → Bengali: ঈশ্বর (iśśor)
• Prakrit: 𑀇𑀲𑁆𑀲𑀭 (issara)
  • Punjabi: ਈੱਸਰ੍ (īssar)
  • Old Marathi: 𑘃𑘭𑘿𑘪𑘨 (īsvara)
• → Gujarati: ઈશ્વર (īśvar)
• → Hindi: ईश्वर (īśvar)
• → Kannada: ಈಶ್ವರ (īśvara)
• → Khmer: ឦស្វរៈ (ʼeisvâréaʼ)
• → Lao: ອີສວນ (ʼī sūan)
• → Malayalam: ഈശ്വരൻ (īśvaraṉ)
• → Marathi: ईश्वर (īśvar)
• → Nepali: ईश्वर (īśwar)
• → Old Javanese: īśwara, śwara
  • → Balinese: suara
• → Punjabi:

  Gurmukhi script: ਈਸ਼ਵਰ (īśavar)

  Shahmukhi script: ایشور (iśvar)

• → Sinhalese: ඊශ්වර (īśwara)
• → Tamil: ஈசுவரன் (īcuvaraṉ)
• → Telugu: ఈశ్వరి (īśvari), ఈశ్వరుడు (īśvaruḍu)
• → Thai: อิศวร (ì-sǔuan), พระอิศวร
• Urdu: ایشور (iśvar)
• → English: Ishvara (learned)