यव

See also: युवा

Sanskrit

Alternative scripts

Alternative scripts

• যৱ (Assamese script)
• ᬬᬯ (Balinese script)
• যব (Bengali script)
• 𑰧𑰪 (Bhaiksuki script)
• 𑀬𑀯 (Brahmi script)
• ယဝ (Burmese script)
• યવ (Gujarati script)
• ਯਵ (Gurmukhi script)
• 𑌯𑌵 (Grantha script)
• ꦪꦮ (Javanese script)
• 𑂨𑂫 (Kaithi script)
• ಯವ (Kannada script)
• យវ (Khmer script)
• ຍວ (Lao script)
• യവ (Malayalam script)
• ᠶᠠᠸᠠ (Manchu script)
• 𑘧𑘪 (Modi script)
• ᠶ᠋ᠠᠸᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
• 𑧇𑧊 (Nandinagari script)
• 𑐫𑐰 (Newa script)
• ଯଵ (Odia script)
• ꢫꢮ (Saurashtra script)
• 𑆪𑆮 (Sharada script)
• 𑖧𑖪 (Siddham script)
• යව (Sinhalese script)
• 𑩻𑩾 (Soyombo script)
• 𑚣𑚦 (Takri script)
• யவ (Tamil script)
• యవ (Telugu script)
• ยว (Thai script)
• ཡ་ཝ (Tibetan script)
• 𑒨𑒫 (Tirhuta script)
• 𑨪𑨭 (Zanabazar Square script)

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *yáwas (“barley, cereal”), from Proto-Indo-European *yéwos (“barley, cereal”).

Cognate with Avestan 𐬫𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬀 (yauua), Ancient Greek ζειά (zeiá), Old Irish eórna (whence Irish eorna (“barley”)), Lithuanian javaĩ, Persian جو (jow).

Pronunciation

• (Vedic) IPA^(key): /jɐ́.ʋɐ/
• (Classical Sanskrit) IPA^(key): /ˈjɐ.ʋɐ/

Noun

यव • (yáva) stem, m

1. barley
   • c. 1700 BCE – 1200 BCE, Ṛgveda 10.27.8:

     गावो॒ यवं॒ प्रयु॑ता अ॒र्यो अ॑क्ष॒न्ता अ॑पश्यं स॒हगो॑पा॒श्चर॑न्तीः ।

     gā́vo yávaṃ práyutā aryó akṣantā́ apaśyaṃ sahágopāścárantīḥ.

     The freed kine eat the barley of the pious; I saw them as they wandered with the herdsman.

2. grain, cereal
3. name for island of Java, whence perhaps came the English "Java"
4. a unit of measurement of weight or length

Declension

Masculine a-stem declension of यव (yáva)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	यवः yávaḥ	यवौ / यवा¹ yávau / yávā¹	यवाः / यवासः¹ yávāḥ / yávāsaḥ¹
Vocative	यव yáva	यवौ / यवा¹ yávau / yávā¹	यवाः / यवासः¹ yávāḥ / yávāsaḥ¹
Accusative	यवम् yávam	यवौ / यवा¹ yávau / yávā¹	यवान् yávān
Instrumental	यवेन yávena	यवाभ्याम् yávābhyām	यवैः / यवेभिः¹ yávaiḥ / yávebhiḥ¹
Dative	यवाय yávāya	यवाभ्याम् yávābhyām	यवेभ्यः yávebhyaḥ
Ablative	यवात् yávāt	यवाभ्याम् yávābhyām	यवेभ्यः yávebhyaḥ
Genitive	यवस्य yávasya	यवयोः yávayoḥ	यवानाम् yávānām
Locative	यवे yáve	यवयोः yávayoḥ	यवेषु yáveṣu
Notes	¹Vedic

Derived terms

• यव-द्वीप (yava-dvīpa, “Java”, literally “island of barley”)

Descendants

Terms inherited from यव (yáva)

• Dardic:
  • Dameli: [script needed] (žō)
  • Gawar-Bati: [script needed] (žō)
  • Grangali: [script needed] (zō)
  • Indus Kohistani: [script needed] (yåw)
  • Kalami: [script needed] (yō)
  • Kalasha: ژو (žō)
  • Khowar: [script needed] (žō)
  • Kohistani Shina: [script needed] (yō)
  • Northeast Pashayi: [script needed] (yō)
  • Northwest Pashayi: [script needed] (žā)
  • Phalura: [script needed] (yū)
  • Savi: [script needed] (yū)
  • Shina: यो (yō)
  • Shumashti: [script needed] (zo)
  • Southeast Pashayi: [script needed] (yā)
  • Tirahi: [script needed] (zau)
  • Torwali: [script needed] (yōu)
  • Wotapuri-Katarqalai: [script needed] (zō)
• Pali: yava
• Prakrit: 𑀚𑀯 (java)
  • Helu Prakrit:
    • Sinhalese: යව (yawa)
  • Khasa Prakrit:
    • Garhwali: जो (jo)
    • Kumaoni: जौ (jau)
    • Nepali: जौ (jau)
  • Magadhi Prakrit:
    • Bengali: যব (jobo)
    • Bihari: जौ (jau)
      • Maithili: जौ (jau)
    • Odia: ଯଅ (jaa)
  • Maharastri Prakrit:
    • Old Marathi: jau

      Devanagari script: जउ (jaü)

      Modi script: 𑘕𑘄 (jau)

      • Marathi: जव (jav)
  • Paisaci Prakrit:
    • Takka Apabhramsa:
      • Punjabi:

        Gurmukhi script: ਜੌਂ (jaũ)

        Shahmukhi script: جوں (joṉ)

        • Lahnda: ਜੋ (jo)
  • Sauraseni Prakrit:
    • Gurjara Apabhramsa:
      • Gujarati: જવ (jav)
    • Sauraseni Apabhramsa:
      • Hindustani: jau

        Hindi: जौ

        Urdu: جَو (jau)

    • Romani: džov

Further reading

• Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “yáva”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press, page 603